Right to health encompasses the maternal wellbeing which constitute an essential component of reproductive rights of a woman. To prevent and manage obstetric complications, particularly Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), which remains a major and significant contributor to maternal deaths, the availability of safe, effective and quality-assured life-saving drugs/medicines are crucial. Oxytocin, an essential uterotonic agent, is widely used in obstetric care to prevent and control PPH. However, the use of substandard, degraded and spurious oxytocin has drastically endangered many maternal lives and raises concern regarding patient safety, quality healthcare service and adequacy of existing drug regulation at the national level in India. Integrating the broader concerns relating to maternal health, this study adopts a socio-legal approach to examine the issue from a rights-based perspective. The existing legal framework governing civil, criminal and regulatory liability is critically examined to identify potential avenues for enhancing the protection of women’s right to safe, effective and equitable maternal healthcare in India.
Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) have emerged as a transformative class of materials in biosensing because they combine the flexibility, biocompatibility, and processability of polymers with the exceptional electrical, optical, catalytic, and surface properties of nanomaterials. The integration of nanofillers such as graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, MXenes, and conductive polymers into polymer matrices has led to highly sensitive, selective, and rapid biosensors capable of detecting biomolecules, pathogens, metabolites, nucleic acids, and disease biomarkers. Recent advances from 2024–2026 have focused on wearable biosensors, flexible electronics, health monitoring devices, electrochemical biosensors, and artificial intelligence-assisted sensing platforms. Polymer nanocomposites now play a central role in personalized medicine, point-of-care diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and healthcare monitoring. This review summarizes the current status of polymer nanocomposite biosensors, their properties, fabrication techniques, sensing mechanisms, biomedical applications, challenges, and future prospects.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing entomology by providing automated, scalable, and data-driven methods for insect identification, behaviour, monitoring, biodiversity, pest management, and ecological interpretation. This review explores the use of AI in entomological research, focusing on machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, multimodal AI, Internet of Things (IoT), edge computing, generative AI and large language models. The use of AI-driven image analysis and deep-learning architectures, such as convolutional neural networks and object-detection models, has enhanced the ability to recognize and monitor insects, but their performance is still limited by the availability of small, geographically restricted datasets and domain shifts in the field. Computer-vision-based tracking allows quantitative measurement of insect movement and behaviour, and automated monitoring systems can be used for population estimation, biodiversity assessment, pest forecasting, invasive-pest surveillance, and biological-control applications. New multimodal and generative AI systems combine images, environmental data, sensor data, and knowledge to facilitate ecological interpretation and context-aware decision making. The IoT and edge AI enable real-time, low latency field monitoring. While significant advances have been made, there are still issues with data quality, model generalisation, field validation, computational needs, connectivity, transparency, and expert verification. Geographically diverse datasets, standardised validation, lightweight and interpretable models, and human–AI collaboration will be key to future progress. In conclusion, AI has the promise of revolutionizing entomological research by enhancing efficiency, scalability, and ecological awareness.
Aims: To evaluate the clinical profile, anatomical distribution, and management outcomes of broncho-esophageal foreign bodies in a tertiary care setting. Material and Methods: This retrospective clinical study analyzed 110 consecutive patients who presented with broncho esophageal foreign bodies between March 2024 and May 2026. The study included demographic data, symptomatology, type and site of the foreign body, surgical interventions, and post-operative complications. Results: The cohort comprised 54 males and 56 females with a mean age of 5.1 years. The pediatric population (≤18 years) accounted for 96.3% (n=106) of cases. Non-vegetative objects were predominant (82.7%, n=91), with coins being the most frequently impacted object overall (66.3%, n=73). The cricopharynx was the most common site of impaction in the digestive tract (62.7%, n=69). Among airway foreign bodies, the right principal bronchus was significantly more involved (n=28) than the left (n=4). General anesthesia (GA) was utilized in 96.3% (n=106) of extractions, primarily via rigid esophagoscopy and bronchoscopy. The success rate of endoscopic removal was excellent, with a 99.1% complication-free recovery rate; only one patient experienced a tension pneumothorax. Conclusion: Broncho-esophageal foreign bodies remain a critical pediatric emergency, predominantly involving coins in the cricopharynx and vegetative matter in the right bronchus. Prompt radiological evaluation followed by rigid endoscopy under general anesthesia is a highly safe and effective management paradigm with minimal morbidity.
Background: ENT trauma represents a significant cause of emergency hospital admissions and is associated with substantial functional impairment, cosmetic deformity, and socioeconomic burden. Understanding regional epidemiological patterns is essential for planning preventive strategies and optimising management protocols. Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological profile, clinical presentation, management strategies, and outcomes of ENT trauma patients presenting to a tertiary care centre in Central India. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery at Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, from April 2023 to March 2025. A total of 100 consecutive patients with ENT trauma were included. Demographic profile, mechanism of injury, anatomical injury patterns, associated injuries, radiological findings, treatment modalities, complications, and outcomes were analysed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Road traffic accidents were the leading cause of injury (59%), followed by assault (29%) and accidental falls (12%). Young adults aged 16–30 years constituted the most affected age group (46%). Male predominance was observed with a male-to-female ratio of 4.9:1. Combined skeletal and soft tissue injuries were present in 78% of patients. Nasal fractures were the most common skeletal injury (68%), whereas facial lacerations represented the most common soft tissue injury (65%). Surgical intervention was required in 84% of cases. Satisfactory functional and cosmetic outcomes were achieved in 92% of patients at 3-month follow-up. Delayed presentation beyond 24 hours was significantly associated with increased complication rates (p = 0.028). Conclusion: ENT trauma predominantly affects young males and is mainly associated with road traffic accidents. Nasal fractures and facial soft tissue injuries are the most frequent injury patterns. Early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, and timely surgical intervention are essential for favourable outcomes. Strengthening road safety measures and public awareness programs may substantially reduce the burden of preventable ENT trauma.
