The importance of mapping cryogenic landscapes is growing due to the rapid changes in the permafrost temperature regime brought on by global warming. The distribution of cryogenic landscapes in the zone of isolated and sporadic permafrost distribution was determined using high-resolution satellite images (10-30 m) (the area of the Nadym geocryological observation site). The method of geobotanical indication of the predominant plant communities was used, the data from which were obtained during field research. By using various classification algorithms, optimal methods for identifying and mapping peatlands that protect permafrost from thawing were defined. Supervised classification using machine learning methods is characterized by high accuracy (more than 80 %). When choosing the "random forest" algorithm, the accuracy rate was over 90 %. Adjusting the classification parameters of Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines methods have improved the accuracy of the results. The data from the Landsat-9 satellite images demonstrated the reliability of the determination and the best spectral separability of frozen peatlands from other natural complexes. The abundance of lichens on the ground is one of the main factors that affecting the accuracy of the classification. Based on the brightness characteristics, the similarity between the spectral signatures of frozen peatlands and birch-larch forests was established. The proportion of frozen peat-lands in the area is around 50 % and is therefore close to the actual value. Using Sentinel-2A satellite images provides less reliable results and the area values obtained are relatively lower (approximately 35 %). Burnt peatlands cover a smaller area and are best identified by their spectral characteristics. However, their rather small spectral separability with burnt forests was revealed (Jeffries-Matusita distance-1.21) Sentinel-2A satellite The author declares no conflicts of interests.
A study of spatio-temporal changes in the bottom relief of the central part of the Kama Reservoir, which were determined by the method of repeated depth measurements over different years, was carried out. The initial data for the research were topographic maps and plans constructed based on the results of surveys before the creation of the Kama Reservoir (1931), used to characterize the bottom relief at the time of its filling(1956), and the results of repeated depth measurements for 1995, 2009, 2012, 2020. A comparative analysis of changes in bottom elevations was carried out by comparing transverse profiles located at the 94th and 98th km from the Kamskaya HPP, constructed using digital elevation models, for measurement results at different times (1931, 1995, 2009, 2012, 2020). Measurements with an acoustic profiler Stratabox HD (TM) in 2020 and sampling of soil cores from the ice at points located on the dried part of the reservoir during the winter level decline period in 2021 were carried out to verify the results obtained. Soil sampling and measurements with an acoustic profiler were carried out by employees of the Mining Institute of the Ural Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Perm) along the same cross-sections. The extracted samples of bottom sediments were sent for granulometric analysis to the nanomineralogy sector of the Center for Collective Use of Unique Scientific Equipment of the Perm State University. An analysis of bottom relief changes of the central part of the Kama Reservoir showed that the largest amounts of sediment accumulation (up to 4 m) are confined to the area of the old Kama River bed. This is due to the transport of bank collapse materials under the influence of waves, currents and water level fluctuations. Also, the leveling of positive relief forms, the filling of hollows with sediment, as well as the narrowing and increasing of the absolute elevations of the old Kama River bed occurred as a result of the processes of reformation of the bottom relief. The thickness of the layer of secondary sediments for the entire period of the study averaged 2.0 m. A comparison of the study results showed that the value of the sediment layer on the cross-sections obtained by an acoustic profiler correlates well with the results of depth measurements at different times, which confirms the legitimacy of their use to identify spatio-temporal changes in the bottom relief of valley reservoirs. The thickness of the layer of bottom sediments, determined by different methods, also correlates with the results previously obtained by other researchers on the Kama Reservoir. Analysis of soil columns and their granulometric composition showed that bottom sediments are represented mainly by loams and sandy loams, since the main source of their supply in the study area of the Kama Reservoir is the products of bank reformation.
The conducted research confirmed a fairly high quality of short-term forecasts of surface air temperature in the city of Tomsk and the Tomsk region. For all stations, the values of the average monthly error values triangle T modulo practically do not differ from 1 degrees C. Forecasts for the whole month of surface air temperature, according to the criteria accepted in the Hydrometeorological Service, have a justifiability close to 100 %. At the same time, daily triangle T often went beyond 3 degrees C, there are differences in the intra-annual distribution of these values. Prognostic temperatures for the day tend to be overestimated relative to those actually observed, at night-to underestimate. The largest errors are noted in January and July, the smallest-in October and April. In addition, in October, unlike the other months considered, errors characterize the tendency to underestimate predictive temperatures, in April there is a maximum spread (both in the direction of overestimation and underestimation) of error values. The correlation analysis confirmed the legitimacy of dividing the territory of the region into separate districts when the weather forecaster formulated daily temperature forecasts. Based on the revealed accuracy of modern short-term forecasts of surface air temperature in the study area, we consider it possible to propose and discuss with the relevant services the clarification of the criteria of justifiability in the direction of reducing the permissible deviation of the actual temperature from the prognostic not by 2 degrees C from the boundaries of gradations, but by 1 degrees C or even 0 degrees C. The analysis of synoptic situations of unjustified forecasts indicates the need to improve the quality of the forecast of clouds and aAmore detailed construction of the trajectories of the transfer of air masses and synoptic objects within the territory under consideration. There were no obvious signs of the influence of the physical and geographical conditions of the stations on the synoptic factors of the formation of errors in the forecast of the temperature regime in the region. At the same time, the forest cover and swampiness of the territory may affect the humidity and wind conditions in the lower layer of the atmosphere. The results obtained can be used in the operational practice of short-term temperature forecasting in the Tomsk region, as well as to improve the applied methods of weather forecasting.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the greenhouse gas balance developed by the authors. On the one hand, the balance includes carbon dioxide emissions from the Energy sector, which occupies a leading position in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (up to 80 % of total emissions). Greenhouse gas emissions from the main sectors of the fuel and energy complex (energy generation) using fossil fuels have been assessed. On the other hand, the absorption of carbon dioxide by managed forests in the eastern regions of Russia participates in the balance. This is due to the fact that compensation of emissions produced by the absorption of greenhouse gases by terrestrial ecosystems, in particular forests, which are the main sink of carbon dioxide, is one of the measures in the fight against climate change. An assessment of the territorial distribution of greenhouse gas emissions and absorption in the eastern regions of the Russian Federation has been carried out. The objective of the study is to compile the net balance of carbon dioxide in the eastern regions of Russia in the context of the eastern regions of the Russian Federation. Estimates of greenhouse gas emissions have shown that the main emissions occur due to energy generation. The largest emissions are observed in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions, the smallest in the Altai Republic. The Irkutsk region, Trans-Baikal and Krasnoyarsk Territories, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) make the greatest contribution to the absorption of carbon dioxide. In two subjects of the Russian Federation with the most severe climatic conditions, a negative absorption capacity of forests is observed (in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and in the Magadan Region). Calculation of all indicators that makeup the balance of greenhouse gases (input and absorption) showed that the Republic of Khakassia, Altai Territory, Kemerovo Region, Novosibirsk Region, Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk Territory, Magadan Region, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug are the eastern regions of the Russian Federation with a positive balance. The largest negative balance of greenhouse gases is observed in the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Irkutsk Region. An analysis of the balance of greenhouse gas emissions and absorption showed that in most subjects of both the Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts, the absorption of greenhouse gases by managed forests prevails over emissions from energy generation facilities.
The paper presents the climatic characteristics of the spatial and temporal variability of thunderstorm activity and its regional features over the Sea of Japan based on the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data for the period 2009-2023. It is found that the average long-term lightning density increases from the north, northwest to the southeast, reaching the highest value of 58 discharges/100 km2/year near the western coast of Honshu Island. The intra-annual and diurnal cycles of thunderstorm activity are characterized by a morning (similar to 10:30 am local time) minimum and maximum, respectively, in the first decade of March and in the third decade of August. The study demonstrates that different areas of the Sea of Japan differ in the duration of the thunderstorm period, the timing of peaks of the intra-annual course of the number of lightning, the seasonal course of their average long-term density, and the intra-annual and diurnal cycles of the lightning frequency. Statistics of the energy of discharges over the Sea of Japan for 2011-2023 showed that its values vary from 1 to 5,1 & times;107 J and average 4,9 & times;103 J. The energy of 0,03 % of lightning exceeded 106 J (superbolts). ATheir intra-annual course is characterized by a minimum in June and a maximum in November.
