The purpose of the work was to assess the peculiarities of the functioning of tourism and hotel business in this area, as well as to draw conclusions about the possibilities for further improvement. The main research methods were analysis, forecasting and abstraction. The dynamics of the development of tourism services in Kazakhstan was investigated and key percentage changes was highlighted, in particular, the real growth in the volume of services, taking into account inflation, by 171%, which corresponds to an average annual increase of 6.4%, as well as fluctuations in 2020–2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and migration processes. It was highlighted that domestic tourism is developing faster than external tourism, since the number of residents served increased by 565%, while non-residents by 255%. It was also found that the city of Almaty concentrates the largest share of the country’s tourist activity (more than 22% of sleep days, 30.7% of the volume of services and 24.7% of visitors), while the Zhetysu region occupies medium positions with a share of about 4–5% in terms of basic indicators. It was highlighted that the modernization of tourism infrastructure, the development of digital solutions, the expansion of types of tourist services, the priority of ecological tourism. The obtained results can be used for public authorities, regional managers, representatives of the tourism and hotel business, as well as investors to justify management decisions, plan infrastructure development and improve the efficiency of the region’s tourism industry.
This study examines the relationship between higher education, innovation and economic growth in the BRICS economies (BRICS — Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) over the period 2004–2019. The analysis is based on the human capital theory, endogenous growth theory and the knowledge-based economy framework. The study employs several econometric techniques, including instrumental variable regression, three-stage least squares (3SLS), panel vector autoregression (VAR) and both symmetric and asymmetric panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models. The findings reveal that higher education significantly enhances economic growth by promoting innovation. There is also evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. The asymmetric analysis shows that increases in educational investment and innovation have a greater long-term impact on growth than decreases, which supports the idea of nonlinear adjustment dynamics. The policy implications highlight the need for ongoing investment in higher education as a key strategy to encourage innovation-led and resilient economic growth in emerging economies.
Migration is a multidimensional phenomenon; it can affect both the qualified and the unqualified persons. The outflow of the most qualified person from less developing countries to the developed nations becomes a source of anxiety for them because migration continues to deprive the origin countries from their best human resources. The existing literature lacks a consensus on the relationship between brain drain and economic growth. This paper examines the impact of brain drain on economic growth in the presence of good governance in a sample of 39 African countries from 2006 to 2023. We used random effects (RE) and system generalized method of moment (S-GMM).The results reveal that brain drain negatively affected economic growth in African countries. However, our results show that good governance can mitigate the harmful effects of brain drain on economic growth. Policymakers in African countries must reinforce institutional frameworks in order to retain and attract skilled talent, encouraging them to remain and build their futures within their home countries.
Foreign Capital Inflows are often considered the key instruments in combating poverty and income inequality in countries around the world. To what extent does governance influence the relationship between foreign aid, Foreign direct investment (FDI) and income inequality in MENA countries? To answer this question, this study investigates the effects of foreign aid, FDI on income inequality and the moderating role of institutional quality in 15 MENA countries over the period 1996-2023, using the Arellano-Bond estimator of the two-stage GMM system in order to overcome endogeneity biais. The results indicate two important conclusions. First, the findings show that both FDI and foreign aid contribute to increasing income inequality in the MENA region. Second, governance plays a moderator role between these variables. In order to maximize the benefits of foreign aid and FDI while reducing inequality, MENA countries need to strengthen their good governance policies.
In recent years, the world economy has experienced a number of events that have created uncertainty, resulting in many studies on its economic implications. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of empirical evidence regarding how economic policy uncertainty (EPU) affects foreign direct investment (FDI) in the context of Sub-Saharan African (SSA). Furthermore, studies have yet to investigate the moderating role of governance institutions in the relationship between uncertainty and FDI in the region. To close these gaps, the study used the novel instrumental variable panel quantile regression (IVPQR) and method of moments quantile regression (MMQR) on a panel of 23 SSA nations between 2004 and 2022. The study presents several noteworthy findings, including the following: (i) country-specific EPU substantially deteriorates the region's FDI flows; (ii) world-based EPU boosts the flow of FDI into the region, suggesting that during times of global unrest, risk-averse foreign investors look for investment protection in the region to reduce their risk exposure or act as a hedge against financial losses brought on by the world-wide unrest; (iii) while domestic EPU enervates the region's FDI, improvement in institutional quality mitigates the adverse effect of country-specific EPU on FDI; (iv) the influence of EPU and institutional quality on FDI is heterogeneous indicating that countries with high EPU experiences more devastating decline in FDI while those with high quality of institution, more improved FDI flows. The study highlighted the findings' policy implications.
