The paper presents an analytical review of vibratory gyroscopes manufactured using various technologies: silicon microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, high-precision metal alloy machining, micro-glassblowing, and quartz glass technologies. A mathematical model of an ideal vibratory gyroscope, similar to a classical Foucault pendulum, is presented. It is shown that three methods of output signal generation can be used in MEMS vibratory gyroscopes: amplitude-modulated, frequency-modulated, and integrating methods. A description of the structure of a compensation type MEMS gyroscope is provided. The Bryan effect in the excitation of standing waves in cavity and ring resonators is described. It is shown that hemispherical resonator gyros (HRG) with high-Q quartz resonators can serve as integrating gyroscopes, while HRG with metal resonators can serve as angular rate sensors (rate gyros). The designs of direct-measuring and compensation type HRG are described.
This review examines the fundamental physical principles of gyroscopic devices based on quantum optics: nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscopes and matter (de Broglie) waves gyroscopes, i.e., atomic interferometers based on laser-cooled atoms.
This article provides an overview and comparative analysis of the accelerometer designs developed at Concern CSRI Elektropribor over the past decades. Six types of accelerometers are considered: floated accelerometers with liquid support unloading, “dry” pendulum force-rebalanced accelerometers, accelerometers with contactless (magnetic and electrostatic) suspensions, cryogenic and micromechanical (MEMS) accelerometers. The operating principles, design features, accuracy characteristics, and fields of application are described for each type. The evolution of approaches to reducing the impact of mechanical friction is demonstrated, from hydrostatic unloading to complete elimination of mechanical contact. Special attention is given to promising projects: cryogenic and electro-static accelerometers for space research experiments, as well as modern MEMS sensors for navigation and consumer electronics. A comparison of domestic and foreign counterparts is presented. A conclusion is made on the feasibility of the rational integration of different types of accelerometers, depending on the required accuracy, operating conditions, and cost.
The paper considers the main directions in optical gyroscopy based on Sagnac effect. The operation principle of ring laser gyroscopes (RLG) and methods to suppress the lock-in zone including alternating dithering and output linearization are described. Fiber-optic gyroscopes (FOG), their accuracy performance and design features are discussed. Perspectives of designing microoptical gyroscopes based on passive ring resonators are analyzed.
The article briefly describes the history of gyroscopy, its current state and potential development. It is an introductory article for the rest of works published in this issue of the journal. In general, the series of articles presents an overall picture of modern gyroscopic sensors (gyroscopes and accelerometers), and provides an opportunity to assess their applications and prospects.
