Background Optimizing training intensity through the accurate determination of the anaerobic threshold is essential for elite athletes, particularly wrestlers. This study aimed to evaluate the validity of the Shortened Dmax method as a non-invasive approach for identifying the heart rate deflection point (HRDP) and estimating the anaerobic threshold in young Iranian national team wrestlers. Methods In a semi-experimental design, seventeen elite male junior wrestlers completed an incremental treadmill test using the Bruce protocol. Heart rate was continuously monitored, and blood lactate concentrations were measured before and after exercise. The HRDP was identified using the Shortened Dmax mathematical model. Regression analyses and graphical outputs were generated using Microsoft Excel. Results The Shortened Dmax method successfully identified a clear HRDP in all participants. Blood lactate levels increased significantly following exercise, supporting the method’s consistency with established physiological indicators of anaerobic metabolism. Conclusion The Shortened Dmax method appears to be a valid, practical, and non-invasive alternative for estimating the anaerobic threshold in wrestlers. Its application may enhance training-intensity prescription in combat sports; however, further validation using sport-specific testing protocols is recommended. This method can help prevent overtraining and support cardiovascular health monitoring in elite athletes.
Background Economic and social conditions, housing characteristics, and neighborhood environments substantially influence the spread of COVID-19. This study examined the relationship between environmental and quantitative housing indicators and COVID-19 infection among households in Urmia. Methods This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study included individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in 2020. Using Cochran’s formula, 420 participants were randomly selected from approximately 35,000 hospitalized patients, and Moran’s analysis was applied to confirm the randomness of the sample. Data sources included a demographic checklist, housing and environmental indicators, 2016 national census data, and Urmia’s detailed urban development plan. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 25. Results Of the assessed residential units, 71% (n=298) had infection rates above 50%. COVID-19 infection was inversely associated with access to green space (p=0.025), indicating that households with greater proximity to green areas experienced lower infection rates. The regression model accounted for 32.4% of the variance in infection rates, with household crowding (t=7.279) and access to green space (t=−2.116) showing the strongest effects. Conclusions Housing conditions play a significant role in the transmission of COVID-19. Improving safety standards in contemporary built environments may help mitigate the spread of infectious diseases. Urban planning and design policies should incorporate these findings to reduce infection rates and mortality during pandemics.
Background The attitudes of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) students toward their field of study and future careers are essential for workforce sustainability and the delivery of high-quality emergency care. This study examined these attitudes among EMS students at Urmia and Khoy Universities of Medical Sciences to inform educational program development and policy planning. Methods This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2025 among 122 EMS students using a validated questionnaire comprising three sections: (1) demographic information, (2) attitudes toward the field of study, and (3) attitudes toward career prospects. Responses were recorded on a five-point Likert scale. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. Results Most students expressed a positive attitude toward their field of study, with over 75% reporting satisfaction with their academic choice and an increased interest after enrollment. Although 79% indicated a willingness to pursue a career in EMS, substantial concerns were noted regarding future employment. Nearly 46% of students reported dissatisfaction with salary and job market stability. The year of admission was significantly associated with attitudes, with second-year students demonstrating more favorable perceptions of both their field of study and career prospects than first- and third-year students (p < 0.05). Conclusion EMS students generally exhibit satisfaction with their field of study but express concern about their professional futures, particularly in relation to financial security and job stability. Educational and policy measures, such as enhancing employment conditions and providing targeted career counseling, are recommended to sustain motivation and secure a competent future EMS workforce.
Background Cancer is a complex condition that requires a multidisciplinary approach to achieve timely diagnosis and treatment. Early initiation of treatment is essential for improving clinical outcomes. This study aimed to identify and analyze the factors associated with delays across the cancer care pathway in reference oncology hospitals in West Azerbaijan Province. Methods This cross-sectional study included 74 parents of pediatric patients and 212 adult patients diagnosed with different types of cancer. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and in-person interviews after obtaining informed consent. Results The main factors contributing to delays in initiating treatment were high treatment costs, poor perceived prognosis, fear of treatment, religious or superstitious beliefs, limited family support, preference for herbal or traditional remedies, and prolonged turnaround time for pathology reports. Conclusion Improving public education regarding early cancer symptoms, strengthening communication and collaboration between healthcare providers and the health system, and ensuring patients receive adequate and comprehensible information may enhance timely care-seeking and support patients’ long-term adherence to treatment.
Background Waste disposal sites create serious health problems through air pollution and greenhouse gases, but they also offer good chances for clean energy production that can improve community health. This research looked at the good points, bad points, opportunities and threats of using renewable energy at Karaj's Halghe Darreh landfill site, focusing on landfill gas and solar power projects. Methods We used a combination of number-based calculations and qualitative SWOT analysis. Landfill gas potential was calculated using the standard LandGEM model, while solar power estimates used common yield equations. Data came from official reports of Karaj Waste Management from January to June 2023, plus relevant policy documents and regulations. Results The landfill receives about 550 tons of waste daily. Landfill gas could produce around 41,917 MWh of electricity yearly (about 114.84 MWh daily), enough for 35,000 homes while cutting methane emissions equal to 1.2 million tons of CO₂ yearly. Solar power on 50 hectares of closed landfill areas might generate nearly 14,000 MWh per year. Good factors include existing gas systems, legal support through power agreements, location near power grid, and institutional backing. Main problems are high costs (150-200 billion tomans), dust reducing solar panel efficiency by 25-30%, unstable policies, and land use conflicts. Conclusion The Halghe Darreh landfill can successfully develop renewable energy with important health benefits. Immediate steps should include small-scale landfill gas projects to cut methane and improve air quality, then solar farms on unused landfill areas, using public-private partnerships to handle costs. This approach can turn the landfill into a resource recovery site that improves energy supply, reduces health risks, and offers a model for other Iranian cities.
