Abstract Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common lymphoma subtype in Europe, with a median age at diagnosis of 60–65 years. It is generally considered an indolent disease, and the median overall survival at diagnosis now likely exceeds 20 years. However, considerable heterogeneity exists. Diagnosis requires adequate biopsy material and a specialized hematopathologist. Staging and prognosis rely on positron emission tomography (PET)‐computed tomography (CT). Prognostication at diagnosis is based on several validated clinical prognostic scores. Localized disease is usually treated with radiotherapy ± Rituximab. The treatment of disseminated disease includes active surveillance (or in selected cases Rituximab monotherapy) for low‐tumor burden patients, and most often immunochemotherapy (or in selected cases chemo‐free therapeutic options), ±antibody maintenance in high‐tumor burden patients. For relapsed or refractory disease, treatment with Rituximab‐Lenalidomide combination ± Tafasitamab or Epcoritamab from the first relapse and single‐agent bispecific antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy (CAR‐T) cells, and Zanubrutinib‐Obinutuzumab after second relapse should be prioritized over immunochemotherapy. Given the long natural history and risk of relapse, careful follow‐up is an important part of patient management. Patients should be actively involved in decision‐making. In this guideline, we present current evidence‐based recommendations for diagnosis, staging, treatment, and follow‐up.
Abstract Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of severe inherited red blood cell disorders causing a major global healthcare burden. Despite recent advances in gene therapy and stem cell transplantation, treatment options remain very limited, highlighting the urgent need for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Human erythroid model systems of SCD represent emerging tools for the discovery of disease‐modifying strategies through drug screening and mechanistic studies. This review describes the range of models available, including patient‐derived red blood cells, hematopoietic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and immortalized cell lines, and summarizes their relative advantages and disadvantages, as well as potential integration with more complex integrated co‐culture and organoid models. Overall, these cellular systems represent an expanding toolkit available to SCD researchers with the potential to reduce reliance on the use of animal models.
