After a review of the relevant literature a novel injection protocol for CT Angiography (CTA) of the bilateral subclavian arteries is proposed. Images illustrating the use of this method are presented and a discussion of the existing methods and the novel alternative is provided.
To review the effect of combined radiotherapy and hyperthermia in the treatment of recurrent breast cancer, two microwave antennas were compared through in vitro experimental tests, and the patient's skin temperature was monitored with calibrated thermo chemical thermometers. The main purpose of this research is to study the influence of shape of microwave antennas on the temperature transmission. The secondary goal is to select treatment procedures to ensure Good Clinical Practice (GCP) of hyperthermia using non-invasive thermometers.
of the present study is to describe the normal appearance and the growth of the fourth ventricle of the fetus on fetal MRI mid-sagittal images.
Thrombin plays critical roles in both hemostasis and thrombosis. Many studies were carried out to examine the effects of different thrombogenic surfaces on thrombin generation. In the present study, how activated endothelial cells affected platelet thrombin generation under dynamic shear stress was investigated. Human platelets were exposed to pulsatile shear stress (physiological, low or elevated) in a cone-and-plate shearing device for 30 minutes in the presence of quiescent or activated human coronary artery endothelial cells. Coagulation factors including Factor II, Factor Xa and calcium were immediately available.
The substrates that comprise skeletal structures have evolved over more than 480 million years. We review chemical and physiological factors that may have driven the evolutionary process from an original calcium carbonate composition of skeletal structures to the calcium phosphate-based bone physiology that we observe in vertebrates today. A review of this topic is not without challenges, however. Many of these changes occurred nearly 480 million years ago, as evidenced by fossils from extinct creatures; these relics, and their correlations to extant organisms, are the only tools we have to develop insight into these changes [1]. In this paper, we discuss factors that may have contributed to the divergence of skeletal constituents to try to gain insights into this intriguing and notable physiological evolution. While the biology of these conditions is ultimately complex and no process can fully account for the millions of years of change, the goal is to propose a model and initiate a dialogue that could lead to, for example, targets for drug delivery, orthopedic treatment, prosthetics, bone pathologies, and other ideas for readers to build upon for future research and investigation. Locomotion and the storage and rapid retrieval of phosphorus, a critical mineral, provided a significant impetus for evolution. This review focuses on the chemical evolution toward CaPO4 from CaCO3 that addressed the need for 1) Storage of energy metabolites in the body and 2) Improved retrieval of these metabolites.
