The existing LoRaWAN networks face problems because they can only operate in short distances, and they use one single transmission path which prevents their use in areas with remote locations or physical obstacles. This paper offers a complete assessment of how LoRaWAN technology developed from its initial single-hop system to its current multi-hop and mesh network structure. The study evaluates the routing performance and energy usage, modulation settings, and network expansion capabilities of LoRaWAN and LoRa Mesh systems. The study looks at how Spreading Factor (SF) and Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation settings impact the distance transmission and data transmission capacity of LoRa devices. The review examines recent research on LoRa mesh networks that were published between 2022 and 2026, focusing specifically on the comparative findings that other studies reported. The surveyed systems utilize multi-hop communication as their primary method to increase coverage across different areas which includes 3 to 10 hops and beyond 10 hops. The reviewed studies demonstrate that adaptive spreading factor selection, commonly between SF7 and SF12, plays a key role in balancing transmission range and energy consumption. The majority of research studies utilize either energy-aware routing or lightweight routing systems, which enable them to communicate over distances of a few kilometers up to more than ten kilometers while using minimal power. Through a detailed review of existing routing protocols including reactive, proactive, and hybrid approaches. From the analysis of previous studies, we conclude that the spreading factor is directly proportional to the communication distance; specifically, the transmission range extends with each increasing spreading factor, while the higher spreading factor values enhance the ability to detect signals in very noisy conditions.
Securing user authentication while keeping device resources low remains an open problem in the Smart Environment of Things, particularly for the highly anticipated Internet of Health Things (IOHT). In this paper, we introduce a biometric-based, ultra-lightweight mutual authentication protocol for resource-constrained IoT. In addition to a lightweight cryptographic hash function and XOR operations, Kyber post-quantum lattice-based structures are used to secure the permission phase between a patient and a doctor, thereby allowing access to the EHR. The security analysis and the formal proof with BAN logic show that the protocol guarantees perfect session key secrecy, strong client-to-server mutual authentication, non-repudiation, and complete resistance to several cyber-attacks such as replay and MITM attacks. Performance evaluations show that our scheme achieves efficient performance with a communication cost of 1344 bits, an ultra-low computation time of 0.0654 ms, and low energy consumption (0.43164 mJ). Network analysis also demonstrates remarkable performance, with total latency under 0.2 ms and server throughput exceeding 30,000 authentications per second. These observations validate that the newly suggested protocol offers a good trade-off between high security and scalability, making it an ideal candidate for real-world high-density IoT scenarios.
Computer-aided systems appliance to maintenance is a known problem and there are a lot of programs dedicated to supporting it. Although, the majority of them are based only on time indicators like mean time to repair (MTTR), mean time to failure (MTTF) or mean time between failures (MTBF). This article presents the appliance of Computerised Maintenance Management System (CMMS) to support a maintenance in KGHM Polska Miedi S.A - copper mining industry in Poland. It's realized by using data from CMMS to calculate the intensity of failures of mining machines components and systems. The calculations are based on quantitative and qualitative data of failure proceed from CMMS. The article presents a case study of the intensity of failures level analysis for the hydraulic system of the haul trucks and its selected component - hydraulic pump.
