The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is one of the vegetation indices widely used by researchers from different countries for measuring vegetation in inland areas. NDVI measures the greenness of a plant or area by using radiance and reflectivity of light from the sun to calculate the difference between near-infrared (vegetation strongly reflects) and red light (vegetative absorbs). The information derived from NDVI measurement has increased the probability of a good harvest. However, NDVI equipment is relatively expensive causing challenges to accessibility for low-income farmers in developing countries. By using filter-augmented imaging devices, a low-cost camera can be translated to an NDVI sensor. This study discusses the details of filter augmentation, algorithm development, and validation in comparison with a commercially available multispectral camera for NDVI measurements. The filter-augmented imaging device obtained similar results to commercially available NDVI cameras when the target of interest is a vegetative matter such as leaves and grass.
The dq-synchronous frame method is a widely used framework for three-phase converters due to its DC like character. However, a single-phase wave form cannot be converted directly into a dq-signal. Thus, this proposed controller utilizes all-pass filters to create imaginary B-signals from the original AC voltage and current. Then, aB-signals can be simply converted into dq-signals using the transform matrix. This proposed controller consists of a double loops control, robust inner loop, and outer loop PI control. The robust control uses state feedback with integral control to eliminate steady state error and bring stability to the system. The gains of controller determine by solving optimization problem so that the convergence time is minimize with the presence of uncertainty of the L-filter. The simulation studies are conducted to verify the efficiency of the proposed method using PSIM simulation tool.
African Swine Fever is a highly contagious viral infection in swine family. Affecting the economy and the swine farming industry is high and also create an impact to farmers. Because if farmers who raise swine have not plan to prepare for the disease that will occur, it will cause enormous damage. One of the observations of this disease is having a high fever. This is the origin of the system to detect the temperature in swine body. This system will measure the temperature of the swine body. If there is a temperature indicating a high fever, it can alert the farmer to promptly dispose of it.
The narrow-band resonance in metamaterial is exploited in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to facilitate boosting of magnetic field and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, most of the reported metamaterials for 1. 5T MRI applications focus on three-dimensional structures, which are unsuitable for practical implementations since they are electrically large and bulky. Here, we demonstrate a spiral-array based ultra-thin metasurface, which can be used as an ‘add-on’ for enhancing the performance of 1. 5 T MRI. The metasurface is integrated with phantom and bio-model mimicking human properties to enhance the magnetic field inside the region-of-interest (ROI) of specimens undergoing scan. Inductive coupling between these capacitively-loaded closely spaced spirals causes an enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio by ~3. 5 times for 1. 5T MRI while maintaining the specific absorption ratio (SAR) well below the safety limit. The proposed structure can be easily integrated in the available tight space (of thickness ≤ 2 mm) of clinical MRI scanners where the placement of any bulky additional structure is challenging.
This research presents a combat system with weapons, laser guns and electronic armor. Practicing firearms tactics results in shooting and maneuvering skills. The system consists of a laser gun that can determine the amount of ammunition used. The target of the armor has a sensor that receives laser light emitted by the gun. The guns and targets are controlled via a wireless network with a Node Micro Controller Unit (NodeMCU) connected to broker and can be displayed via computers, mobile phones and tablets. The IoT system uses protocol MQTT, the system used to store data on both sides of the device for response to the loss of network connection. The training is a gun fight between two players. The training is gun fighting between two players shooting guns against each other. The referee, commander and the audience can track the score of both players in real time. The training is safe to reduce the accidents of the practice also reduces the cost of training and can be practiced both indoors and outdoors.
