In this work, a novel, scalable torsional Taylor–Couette (TTC) rotor–stator processing system is introduced. In this method, a boundary-layer-dominated flow is maintained between the rotor and stator, generating high and controllable shear fields over a wide operating range. The system is demonstrated here for liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of layered materials. LPE of layered materials has been widely explored as a scalable route for producing two-dimensional (2D) materials, with shear-based methods being particularly promising for large-scale processing. The proposed rotor–stator system consists of closely spaced alternating stationary and rotating discs that generates high shear flow fields in the discs’ gaps enabling layered materials exfoliation. Transient Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) based CFD simulations are performed to characterize the hydrodynamics and shear fields within the rotor–stator system. The hydrodynamic performance is evaluated for rotational speeds of 1,000 to 7,000 rpm and graphite–water mixture with 1–4 vol% concentration. The results predict that the system generates mean shear rates∼ 8.7 × 103 to 5.8 × 104s−1 , that exceed the threshold for exfoliation of graphite and other layered materials such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), tungsten disulfide (WS₂), and black phosphorus (BP). In addition, increasing graphite concentration predicted an enhancement in wall shear stress by∼ 40% and promoted a more spatially uniform shear-rate distributions.
Tire camber is a common motion attitude in vehicle operations, and its effects on tire mechanics have been extensively studied on hard surfaces. On soft terrain, however, research is hindered by a lack of experimental data, and most existing off-road tire models focus primarily on longitudinal traction, lacking the capability to represent multi-condition behavior—particularly under camber. To address this gap, this paper proposes a novel off-road tire model that incorporates camber effects for multi-condition applications. The model uniquely integrates three fundamental tire–soil interaction mechanisms—compaction, shear, and bulldozing—within a semi-empirical framework. Its core is an improved three-dimensional footprint model that captures camber-induced x-axis asymmetry. Tire tests on dry sandy soil were conducted using a self-developed facility, and the collected data were used for both model calibration and validation under free-rolling, longitudinal slip, and side slip conditions at various camber angles. The experimental and analytical results show that: (1) when the camber angle exceeds 6°, the tire–soil contact width decreases significantly; (2) at a 8° camber and a vertical load of 5000 N, one side of the tire completely loses ground contact, shifting the pressure center laterally; and (3) in contrast to hard surfaces, the coupling of camber and side slip reverses the direction of the aligning moment on the tested soil, meaning it no longer self-aligns. Force composition analysis further reveals that under combined camber and longitudinal slip, the large in-plane shear force coupled with the footprint center shift generates a dominant aligning moment, while under combined camber and side slip, the pneumatic trail lies ahead of the wheel center, resulting in the reversed aligning moment. These findings offer new insights into the mechanistic understanding of camber-induced tire behavior on soft terrain. The proposed model shows promise for full-vehicle off-road dynamics simulations and the development of stability control systems, such as EPS return-to-center strategies.
To clarify the dynamic response of additively manufactured aluminum alloys containing microporosity under hypervelocity impact, this study integrates hypervelocity impact recovery experiments, multiscale microstructural characterization, and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations to systematically investigate the pore-collapse behavior and microstructural evolution of laser beam powder bed-fused (PBF-LB) AlSi10Mg. The experimental results show that most pores are nearly completely closed under the lower-velocity impact condition, whereas the coupled effects of multiple mechanisms, including shock-wave reflection and superposition during unloading, induce an increased population of post-impact micropores under the higher-velocity condition, accompanied by pronounced localized melting in the vicinity of the pores. The microstructural characterization further indicates a corresponding shift in the dominant deformation response, from dislocation multiplication and grain refinement at the lower velocity to dynamic recovery, thermal softening, and localized melting–resolidification at the higher velocity. Based on the characterization results, a pore-containing Al–Si layered atomistic model was constructed to represent the local microstructural features of the material. The simulations reveal a pronounced velocity-dependent transition in pore-collapse mechanisms: shear-stress-driven plastic collapse predominates at lower impact velocities, whereas normal-stress-driven melt micro-jetting becomes dominant at higher velocities. To quantitatively characterize the governing role of pore geometry, size, spatial location, and shape factors were introduced and linked to the thermodynamic response through normalized response functions. These findings establish a quantitative, mechanism-based framework for understanding the defect-controlled hypervelocity response of additively manufactured aluminum alloys.
