Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess unique optical and physicochemical properties that make them valuable for biomedical applications. This review presents a comparative assessment of chemical and green synthesis methods forAuNPs, integrating literature analysis with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling to evaluate synthesis efficiency, environmental impact, and biocompatibility quantitatively. Conventional chemical approaches, such as the Turkevich method, provide precise control over nanoparticle size and morphology (achieving 92% efficiency in synthesis control) but utilize hazardous reagents and operate under energy-intensive conditions with significant environmental burden (38% environmental performance). In contrast, green synthesis methods leverage natural reducing agents from biological sources, aligning with sustainability principles (88% environmental performance) and producing inherently biocompatible nanoparticles (84% biocompatibility score), though they face reproducibility challenges (45% synthesis control). A shallow feed-forward ANN with one hidden layer containing five neurons was developed to model the nonlinear relationships between synthesis methods and their outcomes. The network demonstrated exceptional predictive accuracy with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.99 and prediction errors below 1% across all parameters. Sensitivity analysis showed that chemical methods excel in synthesis control, while green methods demonstrate significant advantages in environmental impact and biocompatibility-achieving approximately 85% of optimal biomedical suitability compared to 60% for chemical methods. The results show that optimal solutions may lie in hybrid approaches combining chemical precision with bio-derived capping agents. This article shows future directions, including hybrid synthesis strategies and machine learning optimization for sustainable nanoparticle production.
The developing resistance of bacteria to traditional antibiotics has drawn a lot of attention recently to the development of natural and biocompatible antimicrobial agents. This paper shows the synthesis, physicochemical description, and antibacterial assessment of chitosan nanoparticles that encapsulate propolis from Northern Cyprus. Propolis has significant antibacterial activities because of its high concentration of phenolic and flavonoid ingredients. Ionic gelation was used to create the nanoparticles, which were then confirmed using a variety of analytical methods. A clear absorption band at 200-210 nm was discovered by UV-Visible spectroscopy, suggesting the presence of phenolic chemicals. Proper colloidal stability was shown by dynamic light scattering, which revealed an average particle size of 150-220 nm and a zeta potential of roughly +14.15 mV. While FT-IR spectra showed interactions between the propolis bioactive and chitosan functional groups, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) verified an amorphous structure. The disk diffusion technique was utilized to measure the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Propolis-Loaded Chitosan NanoParticles (PL-CNPs) formed an inhibition zone of 4.16 +/- 0.76 mm against E. coli at 100 mu g/mL, compared to 1.5 +/- 0.5 mm for Chitosan NanoParticles (CNPs), representing a 2.8-fold enhancement. Despite CNPs, which exhibited very little activity, PL-CNPs generated noticeable inhibitory zones. This study provides the first direct comparative quantification of the synergistic enhancement of PL-CNPs against both gut pathogens with statistical validation. These results show a synergistic impact, with chitosan improving transport and activity and propolis acting as the main antibacterial agent. With possible uses in probiotics, functional meals, and targeted antimicrobial treatments, the findings imply that this biocompatible nanoparticle technology may be a viable option to control harmful gut bacteria.
In this investigation, bitumen was modified with a sustainable bio-modifier derived from soda lignin from the Date Palm Frond Base (DPFB) and used in conjunction with Fumed Silica (FS), which served as a nano-reinforcing agent. Characterization techniques performed on the extracted lignin (FT-IR, 1H NMR, andXRD) indicated the presence of functional groups and an amorphous structure suitable for modifying bitumen. Bitumen was modified with 30 wt.% soda lignin and with varying amounts of FS from 1 wt.% to 10 wt.%. The introduction of lignin significantly improved high-temperature performance, as demonstrated by a decrease in penetration (from 65 to 44 mm), an increase in softening point (48-58 degrees C), and an increase in viscosity (980-1079 cP). The reduction in ductility (approx. 40%) signifies increased rigidity but also indicates that the addition of both lignin and fumed silica created a synergistic interaction, whereby lignin stiffened the binder and fumed silica improved the structural stability and dispersion of the additives within the binder. The effects of this interactionon the softening point (an increase of approximately 11 degrees C) and the increase in viscosity (approximately 200 cP) suggest that combining a bio-based polymer and an inorganic nanomaterial results in a balanced modified system when bio-growth and/or biocompatibility are integrated into the asphalt binder. The resultant system exhibits improved thermal and mechanical performance. Therefore, this methodology has potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional modifier products to improve pavement durability.
In the present study, ternary copolymers of allyl esters of carbon (C6, C8, and C10) acids, butyl methacrylate, and alpha-methyl styrene were synthesized by radical polymerization and studied as viscosity additives and depressants for lubricating oils. The effects of the copolymerization conditions on the properties of the obtained copolymers were investigated. The composition and structure of the synthesized ternary copolymers were investigated using IR spectroscopy. The Molecular Mass Distribution (MWD) of the synthesized ternary copolymer samples was studied. The effects of the length of the alkyl radical in the allyl esters of carbon (C6, C8, and C10) acids on the viscosity temperature properties of I-12 & Acy; oil thickened with the use of copolymers were studied. An increase in the length of the alkyl radical from C5 to C9 leads to an improvement in the viscosity-temperature properties of the obtained condensed oil and an increase in the value of the viscosity index. The effect of the length of the alkyl radical on the thermal stability of the copolymers in petroleum oils was also studied. An increase in the length of the alkyl radical from C5 to C9 in the complex ether units contained in the copolymers decreases the thermal stability of the oil condensed with them. To study the depression properties of the synthesized copolymers, the freezing temperatures of samples prepared in I-12A oil at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 3.0% were measured. Allyl ethers of carbon (C6, C8, and C10) acids, butyl methacrylate, and alpha-methyl styrene ternary copolymers are effective viscosity additives with high viscosity-temperature and depressor properties, as well as improving the thermal stability of lubricants.
This article synthesizes the current literature on carbon-based and eco-friendly acoustic wall systems for noise reduction in recording studios and sound centers. The article analyzes the design principles, material architectures, and acoustic performance of advanced wall systems utilizing eco-friendly carbon composites. Key mechanisms of sound absorption and scattering are critically examined across different classes of sound-reducing materials. Studies in the literature have documented that optimized carbon-based systems can achieve a 10-point improvement in Sound Transmission Class (STC) from 55 to 65+ and a 40% reduction in reverberation time (RT60). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses reported in the literature reveal engineered microstructures with pore sizes ranging from 10-100 nm and surface areas exceeding 400 m(2)/g, which are critical for viscous-thermal dissipation. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations from published studies demonstrate modal behavior (e.g., Mode 7 at 3712.1 Hz) and interfacial shear stresses up to 40 MPa in multi-layer carbon composite panels. Predictive acoustic modeling reported in the literature shows that functionally graded carbon-polymer composites can achieve transmission loss exceeding 50 dB in the critical low-frequency range of 100-300 Hz. The literature confirms that chemically tailored porous carbon architectures with optimized airflow resistivity of 5,000-50,000 Pa & centerdot;s/m(2) and viscoelastic damping with tan delta > 0.3 provide a sustainable pathway to high-fidelity acoustic environments, meeting stringent studio performance metrics while aligning with green material standards. This article presents a novel synthesis that comprehensively compares acoustic performance across all major carbon material classes using standardized metrics, critically analyzes the mechanisms governing sound absorption in carbon-based systems, evaluates sustainability through life-cycle assessment, and identifies research gaps and future directions for studio acoustic applications.
