"In its first part the article gives a short historical overview of theories on migration.... The author tries to clarify the term[s]...'migration policy' and...'migration' itself and assesses the usefulness of various migration typologies. The final chapter analyses determinants and trends of migration policies in Europe in the 1990s: the continuing pressures for migration in developing countries, the end of numerous barriers to emigration, the revival of nationalistic concepts of immigration and exclusionary tendencies founded on culturalistic arguments, the process of harmonizing control mechanisms in the European Union, and the influence of international human rights declarations on the formulation of migration policies." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)
Projections of rapid demographic aging in Austria are reviewed up to the year 2050. "After the turn of the century the proportion of the population above age 60 will gradually increase from 20% to at least 30 if not as much as 40 or 50% by 2050. During the same period the population above age 80 will be multiplied by four." It is argued that drastic pension reform is needed to guarantee future pension payments and avoid a large increase in the pension contribution rate. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)
