Calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHa) has emerged as a versatile agent in regenerative aesthetics, offering volumising, biostimulatory, and tissue-regenerative effects. Unlike traditional fillers that primarily replace volume, CaHa restores extracellular matrix integrity by stimulating collagen, elastin, and proteoglycan production through mechanotransduction, promoting youthful tissue architecture without provoking significant inflammation. Suspended in carboxymethylcellulose, CaHa demonstrates excellent safety, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, while its rheological properties allow precise sculpting and lifting. Evidence highlights enhanced fibroblast function, neocollagenesis, angiogenesis, and improved skin quality, positioning CaHa as a model regenerative filler that simultaneously provides immediate volumetric support and long-term dermal restoration.
Contemporary facial aesthetic practice is increasingly aligned with regenerative principles that prioritise tissue quality, structural integrity, and natural expression over immediate volumetric correction. Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) functions as a collagen biostimulator, inducing fibroblast activation, neocollagenesis, and progressive extracellular matrix remodelling. Emerging evidence suggests regenerative effects extending beyond collagen deposition, including modulation of dermal white adipose tissue and improvements in skin biomechanics. This article reviews the mechanistic basis of PLLA and presents a case study of a 57-year-old female treated with a staged, anatomy-led protocol using four vials of PLLA-SCA. Progressive improvements in facial support, symmetry, dermal firmness, and skin quality were achieved while preserving dynamic movement. PLLA represents a regenerative modality aligned with contemporary preferences for subtle, authentic rejuvenation.
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a key modality in regenerative aesthetic medicine due to its ability to deliver concentrated autologous growth factors that stimulate dermal repair and collagen synthesis. Within dermatology and aesthetic practice, PRP is widely utilised to improve skin quality, enhance wound healing and address early signs of ageing. More recently, innovations in PRP processing, particularly thermal bioconversion into autologous plasma gel, have expanded its clinical applications beyond liquid biostimulation to include subtle volumisation through regenerative biofiller technology. This article reviews the biological mechanisms underlying skin ageing, the scientific principles supporting PRP therapy, current clinical evidence for its use in facial rejuvenation, and the emerging role of heat-converted PRP gel. The increasing integration of regenerative therapies within aesthetic medicine highlights PRP as a biologically intelligent treatment capable of restoring dermal architecture while maintaining natural aesthetic outcomes.
Injectable non-crosslinked hyaluronic acid-based formulations are widely incorporated into aesthetic treatment algorithms to improve dermal quality without providing structural volumisation. Two principal formulation strategies exist: (1) hyaluronic acid combined with broad metabolic cofactors, and (2) hyaluronic acid combined with defined structural amino acid complexes. This paper critically evaluates their molecular mechanisms, including cluster of differentiation 44 signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein kinase B pathways, transforming growth factor beta signaling, nuclear factor kappa B modulation, integrin cross-talk, mechanotransduction, lysyl oxidase regulation and collagen fibrillogenesis sequencing, and discusses current limitations within the clinical evidence base.
Epidemiological data consistently demonstrate that male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is highly prevalent and increases in frequency with age, affecting approximately 30% of men by the age of 30 and around 50% by the age of 50, with severity typically progressing over time (Tosti, 2024). This makes male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) a common concern in aesthetic and dermatological practice. Although medically benign, it presents a direct correlation with several psychosocial burdens, significantly impacting quality of life and emotional well-being. This article assesses the comparative effectiveness of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) when compared to 5% topical minoxidil in adult men clinically diagnosed with AGA. Several articles drawing key findings from randomised controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and controlled clinical studies were examined for outcome effectiveness on the use of PRP or/and self-application of topical Minoxidil 5% twice a day in the treatments of AGA. Most comparative studies indicate that neither treatment reliably outperforms the other when used as monotherapies, with most studies demonstrating a superior outcome when a combination therapy approach is applied to the treatment of male AGA.
