Introduction: Hereditary metabolic diseases are rare disorders individually, but in countries where family marriages are more common, such as Iran, they have a high prevalence, and in Ardabil Province, due to the fact that family and tribal marriages are more common, the prevalence of these disorders is higher. Since early diagnosis and follow-up treatment of these diseases are important to prevent irreparable damage, and on the other hand, these diseases involve different organs and have different clinical features. If the symptoms are detected, the complications, death, and disability of the disease will be prevented. Therefore, this study was decided to investigate the prevalence of congenital metabolic diseases in Ardabil province during the years 2016 to 2023. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, a total of 195 children (114 boys and 81 girls) aged 1-15 years at Bu-Ali Hospital of Ardabil city were registered with congenital metabolic diseases based on specific biochemical, genetic, and clinical criteria different from those for metabolic syndrome. The data were collected in a checklist and analyzed in SPSS V.21 using descriptive statistical methods in the form of tables, graphs, frequencies, and percentages. Results: The overall prevalence of congenital metabolic disorders among the studied children was 3.3 per thousand people. The most common types of congenital metabolic disorders in the studied children were phenylketonuria with 62 cases (31.8%) and urea cycle disorders with 26 cases (13.3%). Conclusion: In this study, more than 20 different types of hereditary metabolic disorders were identified among children, and more than 81% of the children's parents were related
Introduction: Diabetes causes the body’s metabolic balance to be in disarray, which damages organs such as the kidneys due to their high metabolic activity. Tissue damage is caused by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Folate may help protect against diabetes complications by reducing oxidative stress, regulating homocysteine and supporting vascular and kidney health. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the effects of daily folate supplementation on glycaemic control, oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials & Methods: Eighteen male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The first group included healthy control rats, and the second included untreated diabetic rats. The third group received daily IP injections of folate for four weeks. Fasting blood glucose was measured using a glucometer. Oxidative stress was measured in the renal tissue and serum by determining the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant status (TOS), respectively. Renal histopathological changes were examined by haematoxylin and eosin staining. The data were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results showed that folate reduced renal tissue MDA and serum triglyceride levels. Fasting blood glucose and serum TOS showed a decreasing trend, but the changes were not statistically significant. The tissue analysis showed slight improvements in kidney structure, but no full recovery was observed. Conclusion: These data suggest that folate supplementation may provide some protection against renal injury due to diabetes. The effect on glycaemic control and full recovery of renal tissue appeared to be limited. These findings highlight the need for further studies to determine whether the combination of folate with other therapies could improve glycaemic control and promote tissue repair more effectively
Introduction: Weaning a patient from mechanical ventilation is an important step in the treatment of patients admitted to the intensive care unit, the failure of which can be associated with adverse effects in patients. Thus, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining and comparing the success rate in the process of weaning a patient from mechanical ventilation using heat and moisture exchangers (HME) and a humidifier in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 patients treated with mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit of hospitals of Ilam (Iran) were evaluated by random sampling in two intervention groups of 20 with HME and humidifier filters. In the first group, humidification of inhaled air was used using a humidifier filter, and in the second group, an HME filter was used to humidify inhaled air. Data related to the process of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation before and after the intervention were recorded in a checklist and analyzed by STATA V.12 using descriptive and inferential statistical tests in the significance less than 0.05. Results: The rate of successful weaning was higher in the humidifier group (65%) compared with the HME group (40%), whereas weaning failure occurred in 35% and 60% of patients, respectively. Patients in the humidifier group showed a lower rate of weaning failure compared with the HME group; however, this association was not statistically significant in the adjusted analysis (OR = 0.40, P = 0.23). The PaO2/FiO2 ratio measured 30 minutes before weaning from mechanical ventilation was significantly associated with successful weaning (P = 0.003), such that each unit increase in this ratio reduced the odds of weaning failure by 3%. Conclusion: Given the higher success rate of the humidifier filter compared to the HME in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation, the humidifier filter may be considered as a potential option for weaning from mechanical ventilation in patients admitted to the intensive care unit, though further research is needed to confirm its efficacy
Introduction: Carbohydrates, popularly known as sugars, are one of three major macromolecules essential for the functioning of living organisms. Altered carbohydrate metabolism can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Uncontrolled blood glucose in T2DM is a risk factor for several serious complications, including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Synthetic pharmaceuticals are often used by subjects with T2DM to reduce these risks. However, natural compounds from plants might be good candidates for enhancing carbohydrate metabolism and for the improvement of glycemic control. Discussion: The present study was aimed at assessing the biochemical and biological properties of curcumin with special reference to carbohydrate metabolism. Results: Curcumin is the yellow pigment and the most important bioactive component of turmeric, which is obtained from the rhizomes of this medicinal plant. It has unique biological and structural features and variable bioavailability. The positive physiological effects of curcumin depend on the dose and the time of administration. Recently, curcumin nanoformulations have been proposed as novel therapeutic modalities to improve their bioavailability and clinical efficacy. Curcumin has structural properties that allow it to penetrate cells easily and exert beneficial metabolic effects by improving insulin secretion and sensitivity via modulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), lipid metabolism, and inflammatory signaling pathways. Preclinical studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that curcumin is significantly associated with pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Conclusion: The available evidence suggests that curcumin may significantly improve carbohydrate metabolism and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curcumin, with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing properties, may be a promising natural therapeutic agent for the management of impaired glucose metabolism. But we need large clinical trials to prove that it works in the long run, at the right dose, and is safe
Introduction: Myocardial infarction induces IRI, leading to cardiomyocyte necrosis, neutrophil-driven inflammation, and fibroblast-mediated fibrosis, culminating in ventricular dysfunction. Stem Cell such as MSCs promote angiogenesis via VEGF/HGF paracrine secretion; CPCs differentiate through Notch/Wnt for tissue replacement; iPSCs enable patient-specific remuscularization with Cx43 integration. Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of stem cells in cardiac tissue repair after myocardial infarction via physiological mechanisms. Discussion: Stem cell–based therapies represent a promising yet evolving approach for cardiac repair following myocardial infarction. Preclinical models consistently demonstrate improvements in angiogenesis, attenuation of fibrosis, and partial restoration of ventricular function; however, these outcomes have not been fully replicated in clinical trials. Conclusion: This review synthesizes mechanisms for advancing clinical translation. the future of cardiac regenerative medicine lies in the integration of mechanistic insights with bioengineering and molecular innovation.
