In this study, polypropylene (PP) organo-layered silicate nanocomposites based on organo-muscovite (OM) were fabricated using co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PPMA) and potassium succinate modified polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PPKS) were used as a compatibilizer in the nanocomposite system. The influences of layered silicate modification and compatibilizers on the morphological, mechanical, thermal and rheological features of PP/PPMA/OM and PP/PPKS/OM nanocomposites were examined. TEM micrographs were made which showed that OM was intercalated with the availability of PPMA or PPKS and could be partially exfoliated during mixing. Improved distribution and exfoliation of OM was performed with PPKS instead of PPMA. It has been observed that PP/PPKS/OM nanocomposites possess better overall mechanical features than PP/PPMA/OM nanocomposites. This was because partially as well as the scanning electron micrographs (SEM) was supposed to be the adherence provided by the compatibilization effect of PPKS than the PPMA displayed. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) evaluation alludes a rise in melting temperature, crystallization temperature, and crystallinity. Furthermore, the inclusion of PPKS or PPMA with OM improves the rheological behaviors of nanocomposites.
Amino acids are building block of proteins and maintaining a vital role in growth of human beings as well as animals. Amino acids may form metal complexes and other complexes in animal and human body. Therefore, the study of oxidation of amino acids as well as their complexes is interesting area for academicians and physicians. Amino acids are the compounds of two functional groups -NH 2 and –COOH. Hence depending on the no. of -NH 2 and -COOH groups amino acids may be neutral, acidic and alkaline in nature. All amino acids have stereo character due to contain of chiral centre except glycine. Proline and hydoxy proline contains –NH group hence called imino acid. The kinetics of oxidation of L-proline by alkaline Os (VIII), which was continuously regenerated by reagent hexacyanoferrate (III) ion was studied in the 0.01-0.07M (seven fold) and 298K–318K temperature range. The rate of reaction was found to be zero with respect to [Fe(CN 6 )] 3- and one with respect to Os (VIII).
A new type of complex fluid, which was prepared using Sodium Lignosulfonate as a polymeric additive, has been investigated for its properties as a multifunctional coal water slurry system with respect to particle size distribution and rheological properties. Coal water slurry is a double-phase system consists of fine coal particles suspended in water. The properties mainly depend on the physical and chemical characteristics of coal, additives and flocculation tendency. This research article investigates the particle size distribution and rheology of the slurry formulated by adding Sodium Lignosulfonate to examine the stability parameters. The viscosity of the fluid also depends on various factors like the rank of coal used in the formulation of the slurry. Studies show that these slurries exhibit shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) behaviour. Particle size distribution and rheological properties play a major role in controlling fluid efficiency and transportation ability and pumpability. It is a well-known fact that fine solids are more comfortable to transport in pipelines in slurry form than the coarse solids. If the solids present in the slurry are too small or too large, the energy requirements for transporting it in pipelines may increase significantly. The effect of particle size distribution, and Sodium Lignosulfonate as the dispersant, on the viscosity of the slurry, have been studied in the present work. It was found that along with shear thinning characteristics, the thixotropic nature of the fluid also increased with the addition of a small amount of Sodium Lignosulfonate.
The liquid–liquid two-phase mass transfer in a packed column was examined by varying acetic acid concentrations in the feed, solvent to feed flow rate S/F ratio using random packing. The overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient, percentage extraction, Number of Transfer Units were determined quantitatively. Simulation results were validated with experimental data and optimization of number of stages was done by using Aspen Plus. From the results obtained in the packed columns it was observed that higher K L a and higher percentage extraction of acetic acid from water using ethyl acetate in a continuous counter-current extraction was obtained with S/F ratio ≥4 and with a concentration 20% of acetic acid in the feed. There is a good agreement observed between the experimental and Aspen Plus predicted results. Optimum number of stages =3 are required for higher efficiency of counter-current liquid–liquid extraction operation in a packed column for acetic acid/water/ethyl acetate system.
This study aimed at optimizing the soxhlet extraction process for baobab (adansonia digitata) oil extraction from its seeds kernel. Normal hexane, petroleum ether, and ethanol were considered as the extraction solvents at 60, 65, and 70 C extraction temperature while retaining the experiment to 80, 100, and 120minutes. In each case, the effect of the three extraction parameters on the performance characteristics was established to achieve the maximum percentage oil yield and minimum percentage free fatty acid. The optimum extraction conditions were attained using grey relational analysis (GRA) of Taguchi’s method after 120 min with n-hexane at 70 C. The optimized performance parameters are 25.34% oil yield and 2.086% free fatty acid. The study on the effect of each extraction parameters showed that the solvent type has the highest level of influence of 55% followed by extraction time 36% and the extraction temperature of 9%. The results also showed that the method could be used for mass extraction and onward biodiesel production.
