High efficiency removal of synthetic dyes remains an important challenge in water purification because persistent dye residues can compromise water quality and pose environmental risks. This study investigates the rapid sonochemical synthesis of neodymium oxide nanoparticles (Nd₂O₃ NPs) and evaluates their adsorption performance toward methylene blue (MB) removal from drinking and tap water. The synthesized Nd₂O₃ NPs were characterized by SEM, TEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD, TGA/DTG, and zeta-potential analysis, confirming the formation of crystalline hexagonal Nd₂O₃ nanoparticles with an average particle size of approximately 10 nm and a chemically active, hydroxylated surface. Batch adsorption experiments showed optimum performance at pH 7, 25 °C, and 25 min contact time. Equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm (R² = 0.9923), indicating adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. Kinetic analysis showed that the pseudo-first-order model provided the best fit (R² = 0.9336), while thermodynamic parameters confirmed a spontaneous (ΔG° = −27.05 to −27.83 kJ mol⁻¹) and exothermic (ΔH° = −17.48 kJ mol⁻¹) adsorption process with positive entropy change (ΔS° = +32.32 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹). Recovery experiments in drinking and tap water yielded satisfactory recoveries of 94–100%, demonstrating good applicability in real-water matrices. These findings indicate that sonochemically synthesized Nd₂O₃ nanoparticles are promising sorbents for efficient removal of methylene blue from aqueous systems.
Published analytical validation summaries are frequently insufficient for reproducing a complete measurement-uncertainty budget. This study develops an evidence-graded, retrospective framework that separates directly reported inputs, transparently derived inputs, and unavailable inputs before uncertainty propagation. The framework was demonstrated using published LC-MS/MS validation data for quinic acid, rosmarinic acid, luteolin, apigenin, and naringenin, and published ICP-OES results for Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn measured against NIST SRM 1515 Apple Leaves. No new laboratory measurements were performed; consequently, the work is presented as a methodological reconstruction and robustness analysis rather than an independent experimental validation. Calibration uncertainty was not inferred from R2 because residual standard deviation, individual calibration responses, and the parameter covariance matrix were unavailable. The incorrectly transcribed quinic-acid value was corrected from R2 = 0.957 to R2 = 0.996. The two LC-MS/MS recovery values were identified as intraday and interday summary recoveries rather than a statistical range; they were therefore retained as bias diagnostics and were not converted into a rectangular-distribution standard uncertainty. Precision-based partial expanded relative uncertainties (k = 2) were 1.38–4.68% for a single-result scenario and 0.80–2.70% for a hypothetical nr = 3 sensitivity scenario. For ICP-OES, corrected NIST certificate uncertainties produced CRM-based partial expanded relative uncertainties of 6.93–9.49% for a single-result scenario and 5.59–9.04% for the hypothetical nr = 3 scenario. The analysis shows that apparently small uncertainty values can result from unsupported calibration proxies, incorrect certificate conversion, or division of precision terms by a replicate count that is not part of the reported measurand. The proposed framework supplies a reproducibility checklist and identifies the additional raw data required for a complete GUM-compliant budget.
This study evaluated the effects of pectinase, cellulase, and hemicellulase on dried roots of Litsea cubeba powder using enzyme-assisted hydrodistillation. Through single-factor experiment, four factors, namely, enzyme dosage, liquid-to-material ratio, enzymatic hydrolysis time and distillation time, have significant influence on the final yield of essential oil. The response surface experiment was designed by Box-Behnken design principle. The obtained model F regression value = 79.48, P < 0.0001, indicating that the model is extremely significant. Combined with actual use scenarios, the optimal extraction conditions are enzyme dosage 1000 U/g, liquid-to-material ratio 15:1, enzymatic hydrolysis time 3 h, distillation time 4 h, and the yield of essential oil is 0.403%. In addition, essential oil has certain antibacterial activity against Fusarium graminearum, and the EC50 value of essential oil is 78.266 μg/mL. Analysis of dry weight, relative conductivity, MDA content, SOD, CAT and POD activity of hyphae. The antibacterial mechanism of essential oil is related to the destruction of hyphae cell membrane, causing membrane lipid peroxidation reaction, affecting protective enzyme activity, etc.
Glucopento decoction, a traditional Vietnamese medicine (VTM) formula, is composed of Gymnema sylvestre, Scrophularia nodosa, Physalis angulata, Gymnanthemum amygdalinum, and Oroxylum indicum, and has long been used as supportive therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), though its active constituents have remain unclear. This study performs, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–QTOF-MS/MS) method for both positive and negative ion modes was established to investigate the major constituents in Glucopento decoction. Purospher® STAR RP-18 (150 mm x 4,6 mm, 3 µm) column was employed for chromatographic separation, with acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous formic acid (v/v) as the mobile phase. A total of twenty-seven compounds, including flavonoids and their glycosides, coumarins, triterpenoid saponins, iridoid and phenylethanoid glycosides, withanolides/physalins, terpenoids, and alkaloids, were tentatively characterized based on accurate mass measurement and MS/MS fragmentation behavior. Furthermore literature mining further indicated that more than half of these constituents possess documented antidiabetic or hypoglycemic activities in vitro and in vivo. These results provide a comprehensive phytochemical profile of Glucopento decoction, offering a basis for elucidating its pharmacological mechanisms and supporting its further development as a safe adjunct therapy against type 2 diabetes.
Determining the age of pen inks plays an important role in the analysis of questioned documents. In this study, a total 40 different pens comprising 20 ballpoint and 20 gel models from various major global and regional brands in blue, black, green, and red colors were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy to determine the glycol-based solvents in the ink composition, and a time curve between 0–8 months was obtained. The obtained data were evaluated using chemometric methods to assess the effect of pen type and color. The results of this study show that Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry can be used to determine the date of creation of documents produced between 0–8 months by analyzing inks of different brands, models, types, and colors. The novelty of this research lies in providing a comparative aging model that simultaneously evaluates both ballpoint and gel inks using an accessible standard liquid extraction GC-MS method. Furthermore, GC-MS-based RPA tracking offers a promising approach to document creation time estimation, while chemometric methods such as PCA and HCA provide critical classification of the ink type statistically proving that aging kinetics are dependent on the specific interaction of pen type and color.
