Today, Dubrovnik is synonymous with tourism. Hundreds of thousands of people flock to the city to enjoy its scenic location, beaches, and medieval and Renaissance architecture, including its famous city walls. But this image of the city minimizes its history during the breakup of Yugoslavia. From 1 October 1991 to 31 May 1992, Yugoslav troops besieged Dubrovnik, resulting in the deaths of over 100 Croatian troops and nearly 100 Croatian civilians, thousands of refugees, and extensive damage to the city's famous Old Town. This article examines the impact that tourism and cultural heritage have had on the memory of the breakup of Yugoslavia in Dubrovnik. Those who remained in the besieged city used its international fame to raise awareness about the humanitarian conditions both in Dubrovnik and across Croatia by highlighting the damage to cultural heritage and helping spur the international recognition of Croatia. Since the end of the war, Dubrovnik's memorial culture has evolved in a different way than other locations in Croatia with similar wartime histories. While monuments outside of the Old Town are similar to those across Croatia, monuments in Dubrovnik's Old Town are more tourist-facing, incorporating foreign-language text and photographs that make them accessible for visitors.
The western campaign against Soviet forced labour camps was undoubtedly one of the most significant aspects in the western organization of the Cold War. Rarely, however, have historians adequately treated this subject in all its historical implications, perhaps seeing it as just one of many tools of propaganda associated with the Truman Doctrine. An effort to connect different levels of analysis has been lacking until now. But the point is precisely to assess what social, political and cultural forces have been called together to realize a design on a global scale. Three different forces acted in a transnational sphere against Soviet-style forced labour: the morality of civil societies, the power of governments and the law of international organizations. The making of such a coalition had much to do with the logic of the global Cold War, that is reducing the risk that elites emerging from the decolonization process would look to the Soviet regime to reproduce its pattern of development. This strategy soon showed its limitations in a changing world, where decolonization imposed a global anti-imperialist discourse that did not fit within the anti-totalitarianism of the early Cold War.
This article reframes the second Ku Klux Klan's decline between 1930 and 1946 as a metamorphosis rather than an epilogue. American White supremacism adapted to Depression-era conditions through what I term the antinomies of American fascism, contradictions between mass spectacle and provincial scale, terror and constitutionalism, reactionary ideology and modernizing technique. The Klan dispersed into paramilitary formations like the Black Legion and Kavalier Klub, serving as capital's auxiliary against labor while allying with the German-American Bund. Simultaneously, it maintained influence through systematic penetration of law enforcement and local government across the South. The 1944 IRS dissolution destroyed the institution while leaving intact the networks, violence, and ideology that reconstituted in postwar forms. Situating the Klan within comparative and transnational fascism studies, the article argues that American fascism operated not through state seizure but through federalism's interstices, a racial authoritarianism marginal to formal politics yet diffused throughout civil society.
The provision of healthcare in Tanzania through public-private partnerships (PPP) has evolved over time. However, the driving forces for its subsequent implementation have not been adequately addressed. This article uses historical accounts to examine driving forces for the implementation of PPP in Tanzanian healthcare service provision. Data was gathered from interviews, archival sources, and secondary sources from five regions implementing PPP through district designated hospitals. Accordingly, the article indicates that while the implementation of PPP in Tanzania dates back to the colonial period, the post-colonial government maintained such arrangements by continuing collaborations with faith-based organizations that managed Mission hospitals. Following the implementation of PPP, mission hospitals were converted into district designated hospitals. It follows then that the introduction and implementation of PPP in Tanzania have been shaped by such forces as colonial legacy, mutual recognition of the need for complementation between the government and respective mission hospitals, and limited government budget for adequate healthcare provision. Furthermore, the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals have addressed specific health targets to be achieved by the Tanzanian government, necessitating additional PPP implementation in districts without government hospitals.
This contribution examines how interpersonal relationships shaped the dynamics of neighborhood violence in Bosanski Novi during the 1990s war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Drawing on survivor testimonies and interviews, it investigates how violence unfolded within the town's various ad-hoc detention centers and explores the treatment of non-Serb detainees in these spaces. Particular attention is paid to the Serb men who perpetrated violence in the camps, focusing on their behavior and the nature of their relationships with the non-Serb detainees. While many Serb perpetrators who operated within these detention facilities were not necessarily close friends or neighbors of the detainees, existing social ties, formed through years of living, working, or socializing together played a significant role in determining how detainees were treated. These interpersonal dynamics, I argue, often influenced decisions about who survived and who did not, even within highly regulated and militarized detention environments. By emphasizing local relationships, this chapter provides a more nuanced understanding of the violence in Bosanski Novi's detention sites and contributes to broader discussions about how local dynamics shape wartime atrocities.
