Purpose Taking an institutional approach, this study aims to explore the impact of short-term rental accommodation on rural areas, focusing on economic, social and environmental aspects. Drawing on qualitative research, it examines the views of owners and presidents of rural communities as key informants, theoretically interprets the findings and extends the scant literature on short-term rental accommodation in rural areas. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach was employed to trace the views and perceptions of owners of premises offered for short-term rental accommodation, as well as elected chairpersons of local councils lying in the same coastal areas. Overall, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted through convenience and purposive sampling. Thematic analysis was performed deductively and inductively. Findings Findings indicate that short-term rentals may contribute to local economic development by generating supplementary income for rural families, creating employment opportunities and enhancing the value of land and properties. However, the shift toward tourism may reduce agricultural activity, posing challenges to rural sustainability. This study advocates that to ensure a balanced and sustainable development model, policy reforms are necessary. Research limitations/implications To inform effective policy making, future research should consider the perspectives of participating and nonparticipating actors in scrutinizing outcomes in varied rural settings. Practical implications Τhe study points to significant institutional inadequacies that influence the outcomes of short-term rental accommodation in rural areas and draws attention to remedial policy making. Originality/value This research contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable rural tourism by highlighting the necessity of institutional reforms that support economic growth without compromising environmental sustainability or local livelihoods.
Purpose This study aims to explore how businesses can strategically incorporate enablers to seamlessly integrate immersive technologies, thereby enhancing marketing capabilities, sustainability and improving surrounding communities and enhancing organizational effectiveness. The research also examines technology turbulence (TT) as a potential moderator between the enablers of immersive technologies and marketing capabilities for organizational sustainability. Design/methodology/approach A total of 500 managers from various organizations are approached to gather responses through purposive sampling, out of which 379 agreed to respond. The collected responses are analyzed through partial least square structural equation modeling technique with moderator analysis. Findings The study found that all three enablers, such as technology road mapping (TRM), professional expertise (PRE) and attitude (ATT), are significantly impacting an organization’s sustainability, marketing capabilities, as well as enhancing capacity of the organizations. Also, while studying the impact of these capabilities, it was found that marketing implementation capabilities (MIC) and product development management (PDM) significantly impacted market effectiveness (MREF) and sustainability while marketing planning capabilities (MPC), brand management capabilities (BMC), and customer relationship management (CRM) did not contribute significantly to market effectiveness as well as capacity building for the organizations. Research limitations/implications The study is expected to benefit organizational policymakers, sustainability and capacity building consultants and marketing professionals by imbibing and implementing immersive technologies in firms to achieve better sustainability and market effectiveness. Originality/value This study exhibits a comprehensive theoretical framework and offers an alternate perspective to the existing literature on immersive technology, sustainability and capacity building. This study also provides food for thought as to how immersive technologies could enhance sustainability, marketing effectiveness, thereby global economy.
Purpose The aim of this study was conducted to determine the direct influence of the variables need for achievement, risk-taking and self-efficacy on performance, mediated by socio-cultural factors. Design/methodology/approach The study involved 60 respondents from various SMEs in West Sumatra. The modelling technique used was partial least squares structural equation modelling. Findings There is also a direct influence of the variables need for achievement, risk-taking and self-efficacy on socio-cultural factors. However, the simultaneous influence mediated by socio-cultural variables shows that there is no influence among the existing latent variables. Research limitations/implications This study has limitations in the relatively small sample size (60 respondents), and the geographical scope is limited to one province, so generalising the results should be done with caution. Practical implications SME entrepreneurs need to strengthen their risk-taking mentality and self-efficacy. Socially, reinforcing socio-cultural factors that support productivity can help create a more resilient business ecosystem in the region. Social implications SME entrepreneurs need to strengthen their risk-taking mentality and self-efficacy. Socially, reinforcing socio-cultural factors that support productivity can help create a more resilient business ecosystem in the region. Originality/value This research adds value by integrating socio-cultural factors as mediating variables in the entrepreneurial behaviour model within the local culture context of West Sumatra.
Purpose This paper examines the evolution of research on Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and its relationship with firm performance over a 30-year period. While EO remains a central construct in entrepreneurship studies, concerns persist regarding its conceptual consolidation, limited contextual diversity, and the peripheral treatment of sustainability, gender and community-based perspectives. By reassessing the field through a systematic and bibliometric lens, the study aims to clarify dominant trajectories, identify structural blind spots, and contribute to a more context-sensitive and inclusive understanding of EO-performance research. Design/methodology/approach A total of 1,904 peer-reviewed articles published between 1994 and June 2024 were retrieved from Scopus using a transparent and reproducible search protocol. The study combines citation, co-citation and co-occurrence analyses to map authors, journals, institutions, countries and thematic clusters. The bibliometric results were interpreted following the principles of a bibliometric-systematic literature review (B-SLR), including explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, the use of PRISMA guidance, and a brief expert validation step to strengthen the consistency of cluster interpretation. Findings The analysis identifies three phases of development, with a marked acceleration after 2005 and a relative conceptual stabilisation in recent years. The field is largely shaped by Western institutions and journals, with limited engagement with contextually diverse or sustainability-oriented perspectives. Dominant themes include export performance, market orientation, absorptive capacity and innovation. Topics related to community-based entrepreneurship, gender, and the Global South remain marginal. The results point to a need for broader contextualisation and greater integration of contemporary societal challenges in EO-performance research. Research limitations/implications The review is limited by its reliance on a single database and the constraints of bibliometric methods, which privilege indexed, English-language research. Local studies and non-indexed evidence are therefore underrepresented. Nevertheless, the review provides a consolidated basis for future enquiry and highlights structural gaps in the EO-performance literature. It suggests the need for greater contextual diversity, deeper theorisation of contingencies, and expanded engagement with sustainability, inclusiveness and socio-institutional conditions shaping entrepreneurial behaviour. Originality/value This study offers a consolidated and critical reassessment of three decades of EO-performance research. By combining bibliometric mapping with a systematic analytical perspective, it highlights structural biases, conceptual blind spots and under-explored themes. The review provides a foundation for repositioning EO research within more contextually grounded, inclusive and sustainability-oriented paradigms, in line with the journal’s focus on enterprising communities and locally relevant forms of entrepreneurship.
Purpose The overall purpose of this exploratory study is to examine how different study contexts and methods influence students’ application of their creative thinking capabilities. Given the importance of creative thinking in entrepreneurship, such insights are critical for understanding how these capabilities can be developed among future entrepreneurs and marketers. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on survey data from France and Sweden, this study investigates how contextual factors, including choice, intellectual maturity and competition affect student teams’ creative thinking when they propose new products or services. Findings Findings suggest that entrepreneurially oriented tasks elicit more direct creative thinking responses among students who are able to choose their topic and demonstrate greater intellectual maturity in their approach to assigned tasks. Furthermore, observations reveal differences between ex ante and ex post perspectives regarding the influence of a competitive context on participants’ perceptions of their creative thinking processes. Originality/value Creativity is a valued meta-skill among employers and is increasingly recognised as essential in prospective hires. This capability can help students better prepare to meet future challenges in the workplace. Overall, this paper highlights opportunities for educators to design assignments that more effectively foster creative thinking in entrepreneurship and marketing education.
Purpose This study aims to analyze the influence of attitude, perceived behavioral control (PBC) and subjective norm on the entrepreneurial intentions of university students across different ethnic groups in Yogyakarta, with religiosity as a mediating variable.Design/methodology/approach A quantitative survey approach was used. The population covers all active higher education students in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, and a sample of 861 respondents was drawn from nine major ethnic groups (Banjar, Batak, Betawi, Bugis, Javanese, Madurese, Malay, Minangkabau and Sundanese) using purposive sampling (active students in at least their second semester who completed the questionnaire). Data were collected via an online questionnaire comprising demographic information and validated scales for each construct. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4 software.Findings The results indicate that attitude, PBC and subjective norm significantly affect entrepreneurial intention, both directly and indirectly through religiosity. The multigroup analysis reveals variations in the strength of these relationships across ethnic groups, with the mediating effect of religiosity being most pronounced among the Madurese, Sundanese and Bugis groups. These findings underscore the importance of considering religious values and ethnic background in developing inclusive, culturally contextualized entrepreneurship policies.Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study lie in its use of a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, which does not allow for capturing behavioral dynamics over time. In addition, data were collected exclusively from the Special Region of Yogyakarta, thereby limiting the generalizability of the findings to other regions in Indonesia. The reliance on self-reported questionnaires may also introduce potential biases, including social desirability bias and subjective perceptions from respondents.Originality/value The novelty of this study lies in integrating the religiosity dimension into the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and applying a multigroup analysis based on ethnicity - an approach rarely explored in Indonesian entrepreneurship research. This framework provides practical insights for developing entrepreneurship curricula and shaping economic policies that reflect local social and cultural contexts. The study contributes to TPB-based literature on entrepreneurial intention by adding religiosity as a mediator and advances the discourse on the importance of multicultural and multigroup perspectives in understanding behavioral differences across ethnic and social groups.
Purpose This study aims to examine fintech adoption enablers among home-based women entrepreneurs in India, a marginalized population of 20-25 million operating at the intersection of informal economies, gender constraints and digital divides. Viewing these entrepreneurs as embedded within co-evolving community ecosystems, we investigate why traditional technology adoption models may not fully explain their engagement with fintech.Design/methodology/approach This survey-based research gathered data from 450 home-based women entrepreneurs operating in informal settings. The indirect effect of fintech adoption enablers on behavioral intentions (BI) and the moderating effect of brand credibility on digital financial services were determined using partial least squares structural equation modeling.Findings The findings establish BI as a significant mediator, significantly influenced by effort expectancy (EE), facilitating conditions (FC), government support (GS), digital literacy (DL) and social influence (SI). However, performance expectancy (PE) had no significant impact on the BI to use fintech services. Furthermore, the moderating effect of brand credibility (BC) was found to positively moderate fintech adoption among home-based women entrepreneurs, endorsing the significance of the perceived reliability and expertise of fintech service providers. Although risk-seeking behavior (RS) is statistically significant, its comparatively small effect size indicates that its practical relevance in influencing BI is limited.Originality/value This study makes three key contributions to the literature. First, it addresses a critical research gap by focusing on home-based women entrepreneurs, an invisible yet economically significant population that is rarely examined in fintech adoption research. Second, it challenges the performance-centricity of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology by demonstrating that marginalized entrepreneurs prioritize different adoption factors, contributing to context-specific theory building. Third, it introduces BC as a trust-based moderator, emphasizing the relational mechanisms essential for sustained digital financial inclusion in community-embedded entrepreneurial ecosystems.
Purpose This paper develops a process model explaining how entrepreneurial identity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy evolve within an enterprising community. Focusing on an immigrant-owned food stall in a UK Market, this study aims to explore how social networks and local institutional support influence distinct phases of identity evolution.Design/methodology/approach Adopting a theory-elaborating, process-oriented single-case qualitative design, the research involved a combination of personal narrative, semi-structured interviews and follow-up discussions, complemented by contextual data from local policies and market documentation. An iterative thematic analysis identified key turning points in the entrepreneur's journey, capturing the roles of macro-level policies, meso-level community networks and micro-level personal motivations.Findings The findings reveal that entrepreneurial identity does not evolve solely through incremental adjustments but unfolds through three analytically distinct phases - awareness, acknowledgment and affirmation. Social networks, including diaspora ties and peer mentorship, emerged as critical enablers at each phase, facilitating both resource access and legitimacy.Practical implications The study suggests that local councils and NGOs should design phased support interventions that align with distinct stages of entrepreneurial identity formation, focusing on mentorship, language resources and culturally inclusive market access.Social implications Enhanced understanding of immigrant entrepreneurs' identity trajectories can inform more inclusive policy frameworks, facilitating economic integration and social cohesion within local markets.Originality/value This study contributes by analytically elaborating a process model of entrepreneurial identity evolution within enterprising communities, highlighting how phase transitions are enabled by social networks and institutional recognition. It offers an analytically grounded lens for understanding how discrete identity transitions can better capture the dynamics of immigrant entrepreneurship.
Purpose This study aims to use an extended theory of planned behavior framework to examine how social capital (SC) influences attitude (ATT), entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and subjective norm (SN), shaping entrepreneurial intention (EI) in Vietnamese undergraduate students. It explores the moderating effect of entrepreneurship education (EE) on the relationships between key psychological drivers and EI. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative survey involving 339 university students in Vietnam was conducted for this study. Applying the partial least squares structural equation modeling approach, the study evaluated how SC indirectly influences EI and how EE moderates the relationships between ATT, SN, ESE and EI. Findings The results confirm that SC has a positive effect on the development of EI, specifically through its components of ESE, ATT and SN. EE positively moderates the relationships between ESE and ATT with EI. However, its moderating role in the relationship between SN and EI was not supported. Practical implications The study’s findings can help higher education educators and policymakers enhance entrepreneurship. Tailored EE programs that leverage students’ social networks and psychological readiness can enhance EIs. Originality/value This research offers three main contributions: conceptualizing SC as a second-order factor influencing EI, highlighting ESE as a mediator and demonstrating the moderating role of EE in enhancing student EI in an emerging market context.
Purpose This paper aims to examine entrepreneurial intention (EI) among FONDECYT-funded scientists in Chile, analyzing how theory of planned behavior (TPB) profiles and university-level perceptual climates relate to EI. Attention is paid to gender and STEM differences to assess how inequality and disciplinary contexts shape academic entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approach Survey data were collected from 1,027 academics across 39 Chilean universities and 20 fields. A two-level multilevel structural equation modeling (SEM) approach with Bayesian estimation was applied, including random intercepts and a latent EI factor at both levels. University-level variables were derived from aggregated perceptions, capturing perceptual climate.Findings The multilevel structure of EI is modest: 6%-7% of variance lies between universities, with most at individual level. Personal attitudes toward entrepreneurship are the strongest predictor, followed by perceived behavioral control. Subjective norms show no direct effect once attitudes and control are included, suggesting indirect influence. Between universities, differences reflect average attitudinal climate. Gender differences in EI diminish after accounting for attitudes, perceived control and prior entrepreneurial experience. STEM differences are better understood as disciplinary - TPB configurations rather than a simple STEM/non-STEM contrast.Social implications Findings highlight the need for policies that strengthen attitudinal and control-related resources, expand entrepreneurial experiences - especially for women - and address STEM-specific tensions. Universities can support regional development by aligning entrepreneurship initiatives with territorial needs and socially relevant knowledge transfer.Originality/value This study provides multilevel evidence from Chile, showing university-level effects are modest and primarily attitudinal, whereas gender and STEM differences are explained mainly by TPB configurations and experiences.
Purpose This paper aims to explore how tribal leaders in Papua New Guinea (PNG) facilitate entrepreneurial initiatives amid institutional instability. It focuses on how traditional, culture-based authority influences entrepreneurial practices when formal institutions are absent or ineffective. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative approach, the research is based on insights from tribal leaders in Morobe Province, PNG. The analysis uses Indigenous entrepreneurship theory to build a nuanced, context-specific understanding of how entrepreneurship unfolds in this setting. Findings The study reveals that entrepreneurial activity is structured through culturally recognized forms of collective governance. Tribal leaders leverage their personal cultural authority, derived from legitimacy, social standing and kinship networks, to secure access to customary land, organize labor via communal obligations and oversee economic ventures. These processes highlight that entrepreneurship in this context is shaped by cultural frameworks rather than formal institutional support. Research limitations/implications While the findings stem from a specific regional context and may not be broadly generalizable globally, they enrich theoretical understanding by identifying cultural authority as a key enabler of entrepreneurship in environments with weak formal institutions, thereby advancing Indigenous entrepreneurship theory. Practical implications The results indicate that development efforts should work with, rather than replace, existing cultural systems of governance. Policies aimed at fostering entrepreneurship would be more effective if they reinforce local authority structures instead of introducing external institutional models. Originality/value This research adds to the field by offering a mechanism-driven perspective on how culturally rooted authority shapes entrepreneurial action in Indigenous communities, providing a more contextually informed view of entrepreneurship under institutional uncertainty.
Purpose This paper aims to reconceptualize women's necessity entrepreneurship in fragile emerging economies as an institutional substitution mechanism (ISM) - a process through which entrepreneurial activity replaces or supplements failed formal institutions. It proposes the substitution function index (SFI) as an illustrative measure of the institutional load-bearing capacity of ventures across finance, welfare and market coordination. Design/methodology/approach This study develops a conceptual framework grounded in institutional and entrepreneurship theory. It specifies the mechanisms through which necessity entrepreneurship aggregates into systemic substitution, network density, normative convergence and digital scaling, and outlines a roadmap for operationalizing the SFI using composite index construction and privacy-preserving data strategies. Findings Drawing on documented patterns from fragile Arab contexts, the framework proposes that women's ventures may perform substitutive functions via informal finance (e.g. rotating savings and credit associations), embedded welfare provisioning and digitally mediated microtrading. Substitution intensity is theorized to be moderated by legitimacy and digital capability and to decline as formal institutional capacity recovers, yielding a dynamic trajectory from substitution to complementarity. Practical implications This paper proposes a sequenced policy approach, stabilize effective substitutes, complement with enabling infrastructure and graduate toward formalization, aligned with sustainable development goal 8 targets on decent work and inclusive growth. It highlights the need for legal safe harbors, care-sensitive support and data collaboratives to monitor substitution effectiveness. Originality/value By shifting from a barrier-centric view of institutional voids to a function-substitution logic, this study positions necessity entrepreneurship as institutional work rather than residual coping. The ISM framework and the proposed SFI offer a conceptual basis and illustrative measurement foundation for future comparative research and policy evaluation in fragile emerging economies.
Purpose Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) provide an important poverty-alleviation measure in countries of the Global South. They help rural communities develop small-scale entrepreneurial activities, often within agriculture. Countries of the Global South suffer disproportionately from the effects of climate change, with unpredictable weather conditions potentially challenging the success of rural entrepreneurial activities. Drawing on resilience theory, this paper aims to examine how climate change affects communities of rural women entrepreneurs in Rwanda and identifies the mitigation and adaptation strategies adopted at the micro, meso and macro levels.Design/methodology/approach We conducted a qualitative study in Rwanda, drawing on multiple data sources across three levels. At the micro level, we conducted 25 interviews and one focus group interview with seven VSLA members. The meso level was captured by ten interviews with local support organisations. At the macro level, we systematically analysed government policies and programmes, complemented by eight interviews with central government representatives.Findings We find that Rwanda's government has long been aware of the impact of climate change and has implemented a range of mitigation and adaptation strategies, including a focus on advancing transformative and learning skills. However, despite these concerted government actions, VSLA members still lack knowledge about possible adaptation strategies and commonly acquire skills informally within their community. This adversely impacts the primary functions of VSLAs - savings and loans - and results in an increased rate of loan defaults, potentially jeopardising the VSLA model.Social implications Rwanda aspires to become a middle-income country by 2035. Safeguarding small-scale entrepreneurial activities as a poverty-alleviation measure plays an important role in that process, and our findings can help raise awareness for more forcefully addressing the threat that VSLAs are currently facing.Originality/value The originality of our findings stems from applying a systemic approach across three levels of analysis (e.g. micro, meso, macro) that goes beyond the more isolated levels of analysis typically applied in prior research. This approach allows us to identify a meso-level gap between macro-level governmental policies and micro-level agency that would be important to address for supporting VSLA communities in increasing their adaptability to climate change and, with that, safeguard the economic sustainability of this important poverty-alleviation measure. We also highlight the willingness of entrepreneurial communities to play a more significant role in combating climate change.
PurposeFacilitated savings groups (SGs) are self-managed groups whose members pool their savings and lend money to each other. Over the past three decades, they have become one of the most widespread financial inclusion models in rural areas, primarily through NGOs facilitation. Yet, early scholars such as Bouman (1995) and Schreiner (2000) warn that external intervention may threaten their long-term sustainability. This study aims to investigate the factors that make facilitated SGs sustainable. Design/methodology/approachThe study reviews the existing literature on facilitated SGs, examining the mechanisms through which NGO facilitation shapes sustainability. FindingsThe review identifies three interrelated dimensions of facilitated SGs sustainability – institutional, financial and social – and highlights the trade-offs they often face, such as inclusion versus financial performance and autonomy versus external support. These insights form the basis for a conceptual framework and point to priority areas for future research. Practical implicationsThe results underscore the need for balanced facilitation strategies that strengthen internal governance, support effective financial management and integrate social interventions without undermining core savings and lending functions. Originality/valueThe paper advances a three-part, trade-off-based framework for analysing SGs sustainability, integrating insights from microfinance, grassroots development and organizational theory.
Purpose This study aims to investigate how intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, as well as institutional and educational support, influence the formation of sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial intentions (SOIs). By applying the self-determination theory (SDT), the research addresses gaps in understanding how these factors interact to shape entrepreneurial activities aligned with sustainability goals.Design/methodology/approach Using data from 385 participants, an advanced method - polynomial regression with response surface analysis - is used to examine the formulated conceptual framework.Findings The results indicate that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations significantly enhance SOIs, with greater alignment between these motivations further amplifying their positive effects. However, imbalances between these motivations do not significantly hinder entrepreneurial intentions. Institutional and educational support directly influences entrepreneurial intentions and indirectly shapes them by fostering intrinsic and extrinsic motivations.Practical implications The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers, educators and universities.Originality/value This study extends existing research by integrating SDT to examine the balanced and imbalanced effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on SOIs. It also highlights the role of institutional and educational support as antecedents of these motivations, offering a comprehensive framework for understanding and promoting sustainability-oriented entrepreneurship.
Purpose While entrepreneurship is widely recognized for its economic contributions, few studies have examined its contribution to fostering happiness as a direct outcome, especially under severe constraints. Guided by conservation of resources (COR) and job demands-resources (JD-R) perspectives, this study aims to examine how patterns of resource appraisal are associated with entrepreneurs' emotional states.Design/methodology/approach This study conducted a multiple-case study in Vietnam (3 entrepreneurs with disabilities; 4-5 repeated interviews each; 60-90 min) and applied cognitive-emotional mapping and timeline analysis, then matched emergent mechanisms to COR and JD-R frameworks.Findings A non-resource fixation pattern - evaluating an object or situation through a single or few constrained elements - was associated with negative states aligned with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (exhaustion, cynicism/depersonalization and inefficacy). In contrast, a multi-dimensional appraisal pattern-recognizing multiple facets of constraints and resources and exploring alternative combinations was associated with positive affect and reported well-being.Research limitations/implications The study is based on a limited number of cases within specific socio-cultural contexts. Future research should test the proposed framework across a broader range of settings, including different organizational types, sectors and levels of adversity, to validate its applicability.Practical implications Appraisal-focused training and job-crafting interventions may rebalance demands-resources by shifting entrepreneurs from non-resource fixation to multi-dimensional appraisal.Social implications Programs supporting minority entrepreneurs with disabilities can incorporate appraisal reframing to enhance both capability development and well-being.Originality/value The study links resource appraisal patterns to emotional trajectories under constraint, showing how subjective interpretations of adversity are associated with both resource development strategies and well-being. It positions happiness as an integral, co-constructed outcome of entrepreneurial activity under constraint and offers a micro-process account that integrates COR and JD-R perspectives.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to use the rich cultural heritage and a long history of spirituality in India to create an opportunity to grow as a major player in global tourism and travel. There is a need for greater clarity and coherence in the concept of spiritual tourism. In this regard, examining the key drivers or barriers that contribute to the development of spiritual tourism in India will be useful.Design/methodology/approach This study begins with the identification of 12 key factors that affect the development of spiritual tourism, based on a review of prior literature and the use of the Delphi method to solicit input from experts on these factors. These identified factors were then analysed using the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL)-interpretive structural modeling (ISM)-Matrice dU'impacts crois & eacute;s multiplication appliqu & eacute;e & agrave; un classement (MICMAC) methodology to identify relationships between the identified factors, determine which factors have an effect upon one another, rank the factors based on their relative importance and provide insight into the cumulative effect of the factors.Findings The research results indicate that the three primary determinants for developing spiritual tourism are government initiatives, pilgrimage traditions and experiences and infrastructure and access. The findings demonstrate the importance of spiritual tourism in creating jobs and supporting local economies in economically disadvantaged areas. The findings also offer practical suggestions for governments, tourism developers and local businesses wishing to create and maintain spiritual tourism as a vehicle for sustainable and local economic development.Originality/value This study offers an original and unique approach to examining the key determinants of spiritual tourism in India by integrating both qualitative (Delphi) and quantitative (DEMATEL, ISM and MICMAC) methods of investigation. This study provides evidence that spiritual tourism can be a tool for empowering communities, creating entrepreneurial activity and promoting inclusive regional policy, thus extending the discussion on enterprising communities.
Purpose This study aims to examine the pivotal role of returnee entrepreneurs (REs) in fostering innovation within an emerging country context, using Philippines as the research setting. It explores the heterogeneity of REs by understanding their personal profile, their entrepreneurial motivations and their transformative impact on local entrepreneurial ecosystems. Design/methodology/approach Based on an inductive qualitative multiple case study using constructivist grounded theory, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with Manila-based REs and experts and complemented by observations and secondary sources. Data were analyzed using the Gioia methodology, allowing the development of research propositions to link empirical findings with theoretical insights. Findings REs were categorized into four types: micropreneurs, freelancers, government-assisted and Ilustrados, based on their human capital and institutional integration. Ilustrados, with their high human capital and institutional support, lead innovation in the Manila entrepreneurial ecosystem through their innovative startup ventures. Practical implications Set in an emerging market context where there are resource scarcities, structural gaps and institutional voids limiting the ecosystem, this study offers actionable insights for policymakers to tailor support and maximize RE contributions to overcome these structural challenges as they create their ventures back home. Originality/value This study’s originality lies in introducing the Returnee Entrepreneur Opportunity Framework, which refines the mixed embeddedness approach by categorizing REs into four distinct types. Furthermore, it identifies the Ilustrado Premium, the preferential treatment that Ilustrados received upon reintegration, as a novel mechanism explaining how they get an advantage in early stages of venture building.
Purpose This study aims to introduce tenacity as a transformation-oriented construct for entrepreneurial adaptation under conditions of permanent disruption and polycrisis. It reconceptualises adaptation not as a return-to-reference recovery, but as continuous reconfiguration driven by foresight, iterative learning and structural redesign. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual study based on an integrative review spanning entrepreneurship, strategy, and complexity science and contemporary resilience scholarship. It develops a multidimensional model of tenacity and derives propositions, supported by illustrative cases (e.g. Estonia, SpaceX, Slack) as conceptual warrants rather than empirical validation. Findings Tenacity is specified as a mechanist-based construct with three dimensions, cognitive (reframing and prospection), strategic (recombination and business-model morphing) and structural (modularity and distributed decision rights). The model yields observable implications (e.g. pivot cadence, reconfiguration lead-time, functional persistence under stress) that enable prospective empirical testing. Research limitations/implications As a conceptual contribution, this study does not test the tenacity model empirically. Future research should operationalise tenacity and examine boundary conditions distinguishing episodic disruption (where resilience may suffice) from entangled, irreversible crises (where tenacity is expected to dominate). Practical implications Entrepreneurs, investors and policymakers can use tenacity indicators to diagnose adaptive capacity and design experimentation routines, modular infrastructures and adaptive governance instruments, while monitoring ethical risks in AI-augmented decision-making where relevant. Originality/value The study offers a novel multilevel framework that connects entrepreneurial cognition, strategic reconfiguration and ecosystem design, extending transformation-oriented resilience debates through explicit operationalisation pathways.
Purpose The success of migrant entrepreneurship as a strategy for integrating migrants into the host country’s market depends on their inclusion in the host country’s entrepreneurial ecosystem. This paper aims to explore the collaborative experience between Ukrainian entrepreneurs, both migrants operating in Poland and non-migrants based in Ukraine, and their Polish business partners. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative method, the research draws on data collected through focus groups and in-depth interviews with three key respondent groups: Ukrainian migrant entrepreneurs in Poland, Polish entrepreneurs collaborating with Ukrainian migrant entrepreneurs and Ukrainian entrepreneurs in Ukraine collaborating with Polish businesses. Adopting a multifaceted perspective, the study examines how the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion unfold in cross-border and migrant entrepreneurship. Findings The findings reveal diverse drivers of collaboration within the host-country entrepreneurial ecosystem, enabling the development of a multidimensional model of integration that includes culture-driven, market-driven, diaspora-driven, development-driven and society-driven factors. Integration mechanisms form interconnected systems in which the strongest effects arise from the synergy of different motivations, emphasising mechanisms that facilitate or hinder the economic and social inclusion of migrant entrepreneurs. Originality/value The paper contributes to the literature by offering a multi-perspective analysis of migrant, home-country and host-country entrepreneurs and by developing a multidimensional framework of integration drivers within the context of a new destination country. The findings extend existing research by showing how integration emerges from multiple ecosystem drivers and offering nuanced insights for policies aimed at supporting migrant integration and fostering economic cooperation between Poland and Ukraine.
