Cervical cancer ranks among the leading causes of cancer incidence and mortality among women. The persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as the primary etiological factor in the development of this pathology. Currently, HPV vaccination is considered a highly effective preventive measure, with its efficacy in preventing cervical cancer well-documented. This review analyzes contemporary scientific data on algorithms for organizing and implementing immunization within the framework of cervical cancer prevention. It explores the experience of introducing immunization programs in various countries, identifies target age groups, and evaluates the safety and efficacy of vaccines. Furthermore, the review examines epidemiological and social barriers to integrating vaccination into healthcare systems. Based on the analysis of the literature, optimal organizational and methodological approaches aimed at improving the effectiveness of immunization programs have been identified.
The earth is drastically facing different types of environment sustainability issues due to burning of waste, industrial, automobile, addition of inorganic pollutants and anthropogenic activities. The addition of toxic pollutants in the environment produce significant impact on plant and human life. Biochar is a carbonaceous material and obtained from the thermal treatment of biomass (pod, leaves, twig, peel waste), agricultural, urban green waste and animal wastes and found all around the world. Biochar is also a good source of mineral nutrients and with the passage of time easily leached out in the environment. The biochar positively improve the physicochemical properties of soil and environmental quality. The application of biochar at low level leads to improvement in crop productivity and at higher concentration become toxic to plant growth. The constant release of different types of pollutants likewise sludge, municipality waste, and specially heavy metals into the environment causes serious metals pollution problems in air, water and soil on a global scale in recent years alarmingly. The addition of metallic element into the environment become environmental risks, and influence on plant growth and soil properties. The interactions of biochar with immediate environment decrease the chances of environmental risk contamination. Biochar adsorb heavy metals from the soil due to its unique structure and composition. Biochar materials have been successfully used to adsorb contaminants from the environment and few studies have been documented by different researchers both in national and international scientific journals. The objective of the present review was to summarize, analyze and focused on understanding about the potential role of biochar on soil health, crop nutrition, carbon management, climate change, crop yield management, and heavy metals absorbents. The sustainable use of biochar in industrial and agricultural sector can helps in improving soil quality, plant growth and in controlling the critical environmental issues specially metal contamination.
Environmental protection has become one of the world’s top priorities. The increasing consumption of natural resources and the overproduction of waste have become serious threats to human health and the balance of ecosystems. Schools, as key educational institutions, play an essential role in raising a generation that is aware of and responsible for environmental issues. Teachers, as role models for students, can lead the way by teaching and promoting a culture of energy saving and proper waste management. This makes them central figures in shaping students’ sustainable behaviors. In this study, the awareness, attitudes, and practical actions of teachers regarding energy consumption reduction and waste management were assessed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were confirmed by expert reviews and statistical tests. A total of 39 teachers from different educational levels participated in the study. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Spearman correlation analysis. The results showed that female teachers had more positive attitudes toward environmental issues compared to male teachers. In addition, teachers with more years of teaching experience were more active in practical environmental actions. A significant positive correlation was found between teachers’ environmental awareness and their real-life behavior. However, the study also revealed a noticeable gap between teachers’ positive attitudes and their actual environmental actions. This gap is likely due to structural limitations and a lack of resources. This research highlights the need for targeted training programs and institutional support to strengthen the role of teachers in environmental education. The findings can help policymakers and school administrators design effective programs to improve environmental practices in schools.
Untreated wastewater is a significant global problem, with more than 80% being released untreated, which is the cause of health and environmental risks. In areas such as Swat, Pakistan, total dependence on costly imported chemical coagulants such as alum and ferric salts results in low sewage treatment, causing extreme pollution. This research explores the effectiveness of domestically available Moringa oleifera seed powder as a natural coagulant for municipal wastewater in Swat. Grab samples taken every week from five locations were tested for the important parameters (pH, turbidity, COD, BOD5, TSS, and TDS). Laboratory-scale jar tests tested Moringa doses (25–150 mg/L). Findings indicate that an optimal dose of 250 mg/L resulted in a maximum reduction of turbidity by 87%, COD by 67%, and BOD5 by 65% and produced biodegradable sludge that could be composted. Results indicate that Moringa oleifera is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective coagulant alternative to traditional coagulants, contributing to the achievement of SDG 6 and SDG 12 goals for sustainable wastewater management in developing countries.
The problems associated with HIV infection continue to remain the focus of attention of the public health organizations all over the world and in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The fist cases in the country were reported from the early 1990s following the breakup of the Soviet Union and the acquisition of independence by the country. During this period, the loosening of borders and economic instability enabled significant international labor migration; thereby becoming one of the sources of the spread of infection. The purpose of the study was to analyze trends in the prevalence of HIV infection and mortality due to HIV/AIDS in the Aktobe Region based on information collected by the Aktobe Regional Center for Prevention and Control of HIV Infection. Research design: descriptive, retrospective. The following objects of research were electronic blank forms based on the results of generalized notifications of the incidence and prevalence of HIV infection, the structure of registered cases of HIV infection by transmission routes, prevalence in the age group from 15 to 49 years, the dynamics of new HIV infection as well as death from HIV infection (according to the materials of the epidemiological department of the Aktobe Regional Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS), for 2020-2024. The findings highlight the challenge and the necessity to reinforce actions in the prevention, diagnosis and population education on the subject of HIV infection. The gravity of HIV epidemic in Aktobe region is on the rise: the prevalence of HIV infection in general population tends to increase; the disease is mostly registered among men, and in adult age group (15-49 years), with sexual way of transmission and at risk groups - men who have sex with men (MSM). The death rates due to HIV are declining since last 5 years.
