Heavy metal exposure is a major public health concern owing to its environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic effects on human health. Women are particularly susceptible to heavy metal toxicity because of physiological and hormonal factors that influence reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic functions. Exposure to metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic has been linked to reproductive disorders, hormonal imbalance, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and chronic diseases. For instance, elevated blood lead levels have been consistently associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery, while chronic cadmium exposure, measured through blood and urine, has been linked to an increased risk of breast cancer and bone demineralization in women. Biological fluid biomonitoring, including the analysis of blood, urine, saliva, and other biofluids, provides a reliable approach for assessing internal metal burden and exposure-related health risks. This review examines the application of biological fluid analysis in detecting heavy metal exposure in women and highlights the associated health effects and gender-specific toxicological responses. The findings emphasize the importance of biomonitoring in early risk assessment, disease prevention, and the development of targeted public health interventions to mitigate the impact of heavy metal toxicity on women's health.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of leukemic cells. Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of cell-cycle regulators may interact with immune checkpoint pathways; however, this relationship remains insufficiently explored in AML. To evaluate the expression of CDC27 and PD-L1 in adult AML patients and assess their clinicopathological and prognostic significance. This case - control study included 80 participants: 40 newly diagnosed adult AML patients and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Gene expression levels of CDC27 and PD-L1 in bone marrow mononuclear cells were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Survival analysis was performed and Patients were stratified according to median expression levels. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted to identify independent prognostic factors. CDC27 and PD-L1 expression levels were significantly higher in AML patients compared with controls (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). Both markers were associated with adverse clinical features and reduced overall survival. Multivariate analysis identified CDC27 expression as an independent predictor of mortality. Conclusion: CDC27 and PD-L1 overexpression is associated with aggressive disease characteristics and poor survival in AML patients.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a difficult hematologic malignancy that requires more selective therapeutic strategies. Here, we present the in silico design and comprehensive characterization of a recombinant immunotoxin composed of an anti-CD33 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) fused to the LukS-PV pore-forming toxin. Structural modeling and refinement confirmed correct immunoglobulin-domain folding, preserved LukS-PV architecture, and high stereochemical quality. Physicochemical and mRNA analyses indicated favorable stability, solubility, and strong translational compatibility with Escherichia coli. Protein - protein docking predicted specific and high-affinity binding of the scFv to CD33, while molecular-dynamics simulations supported the overall structural stability and functional flexibility of the fusion construct. Codon optimization yielded a high CAI and balanced GC content, suggesting efficient bacterial expression. Immunogenicity analyses predicted non-allergenic and nontoxic properties. Together, these computational findings identify the LukS-PV - anti-CD33 fusion as a promising candidate for targeted AML therapy and establish a framework for subsequent experimental validation.
