The municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Imphal is still infused with challenges owing to the predominant reliance on the conventional method of waste collection, transportation and disposal. Segregation of waste is not done at source even though the municipal laws stress the importance of it. The situation at present is alarming and requires improvement in the area of infrastructural up gradation, public-private partnership (PPP), public participation, awareness campaign and implementation of existing laws. The reliance on modern method of waste recovery and recycling in the present context of waste management is negligent. This paper stresses the need of material recovery, recycling and waste-to-energy technologies in the policy making pertaining to MSW. The paper also aims to understand the importance of PPP relationship in effective management of MSW in Imphal .
In recent times, the Dairy industries hrve started incorporating sophisticated processing equipments with CIP cleaning systems and PLC based process automation systems. As a result, the conventional water use pattern of 3:1 is largely reduced to almost less than one against one liter of milk processing. Also, the effluent characteristics were changed with COD restricted to 4000-5000 mg/L, BOD at 2500-3500 mg/L and pH from 5.5 – 8.5. The biodegradability of Dairy effluent is 0.625 to 0.70. Any anaerobic treatment at the first stage of the effluent treatment will greatly reduce the organic load over the subsequent aerobic reactor and ultimately enhance the overall waste removal efficiency and also bring down the cost of treatment. The Fixed Bed Fixed Film anaerobic reactor is evaluated with a laboratory model (42.70 L) for the treatment of Dairy effluent. The experiment was run for three different operating conditions viz., hydraulic Loading Rates, m3 /m2 .day (0.016, 0.011, 0.008, 0.005, 0.003), Organic Loading Rates, Kg COD/m2 .day (0.013, 0.022, 0.031, 0.035, 0.040) and hRT, hrs (7.30, 10.95, 14.60, 21.90, 43.80). The optimum COD removal was observed for 80.88% and the biogas conversion was 0.318 m3 per Kg COD removed.
The researcher used the method of reviewing the previous literature, where many of the literature that was discussed in greenhouse gases and global warming was reviewed by the researcher, both globally and locally, and the researcher concluded that the main causes of air pollution with greenhouse gases are the increased activity of factories in major industrial countries leading to an increase air pollution with carbon dioxide gas and nitrogen dioxide gas and the increasing number of cars and their increasing movement is a major reason for the increase in carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide responsible for increasing air pollution. To save pollution globally and locally, the researcher recommends a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: the use of remedial devices for pollutants of all kinds and forms and the use of environmentally friendly car exhausts.
Primarily used methods for disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) are open dumping and landfill in Thailand that have detrimental impacts on environment in the form of air pollution, water and soil contamination, and climate changes. The increasing amount of MSW from municipalities has emerged as a huge environmental menace for Thailand because of fast growing urbanization and industrialization. Hence, an eco-friendly and effective solution is the dire need to restore the environmental essence for a tropical country like Thailand. This paper presents a brief review on current waste treatment technologies which are being using for Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) in the world and Thailand. Additionally, current studies on MSWM along with the implementation of gasification technology in Municipality solid WTE power plant in Hat Yai are discussed. In last, some concluding remarks and suggestions are proposed for MSWM and WTE technologies improvements in future.
The use of chromium has been increased since last two-three decades due to its high demand in different industries. The anthropogenic activities and waste products from industries like steel, leather, tannery and dye production has released the chromium into soil and water bodies causes the environmental pollution. Chromium mostly occurs in two stables forms i.e. Cr6+ and Cr3+. The hexavalent form of chromium is more toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic as compared to its trivalent form which is less toxic and insoluble. The conversion of hexavalent chromium to trivalent is a basic process of detoxification. Behaviour of chromium in soil and its transfer/accumulation in plants and different plant parts vary with plant type, soil physio-chemical properties and its chemical form. Microbes present in the soil plays an important role in speciation and behaviour of Cr in soil. For the uptake of Chromium, there is no specific transporter used by plants and it is relay on the specific and non-specific transporter channels of essential ions. The accumulation of chromium is mostly seen in root tissues region of plants with a limited translocation to shoot parts. The chromium toxicity had adverse effects on plants physiological, morphological and biochemical processes. Apart from these effects, chromium also affects the plant growth, nutrient uptake and photosynthesis process, induces enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species and causes lipid peroxidation and alteration of antioxidant activities. Plants have various defence mechanisms against Cr toxicity via anti-oxidative enzymes such as complexation by organic ligands, compartmentation into the vacuole and scavenging ROS. The consumption of Cr-contaminated food can cause serious health hazards to humans by inducing severe clinical conditions. In order to achieve this, use of plants and microbes and their interaction through phytoremediation process has gained popularity in recent times. Microorganisms are omnipresent in the environment. Soil rhizosphere, a nutrient-rich bio-resource is the habitat of versatile microorganisms. Here the microbes plays an important role by their biological activities that are vital to retain soil fertility and plant growth by decomposition, assisting nitrogen fixation, mineralization and immobilization of different macro/micro nutrients. In addition, soil microbes play an important role by governing the biogeochemical behaviour of heavy metals in soil-plant system
