Coastal vulnerability manifests along the shoreline due to the high sensitivity of the environment and the complexity of its hydrodynamic and sedimentological processes, making the coastal environment susceptible to constant changes that can result in erosion. The objective of this study is to analyze the spatio‑temporal evolution of coastal vulnerability and erosive processes in Itapoá, Brazil. The study uses two existing tools that allow for a rapid analysis of the state and evolution of vulnerability in any coastal environment. The analysis of vulnerability evolution was conducted using the Cassie Engine System, which examined the time series from 1985 to 2022 through automated analysis. For the assessment of the current state of vulnerability, the Vulnerability Index and in situ analyses were used. Coastal vulnerability was assessed based on physical, morphological, and anthropogenic components, including drybeach width, presence of protection structures, wave dynamics, and impacts on infrastructure. The beaches of Itapoá were divided into nine points (P01-P09), from north to south, and visually characterized according to the erosion pattern. Results revealed that 4 points (P03, P06, P07 and P08) exhibited intense erosion, with alteration rates exceeding 1000 m/year, these four sectors share common characteristics, such as a narrow or absent dry beach, the presence of coastal protection structures, and strong exposure to wave energy. In addition, four sectors were classified as stable (P02, P04, P05, and P09), while one sector showed accretion (P01). The results highlight priority areas for coastal management and reinforce the need for integrated planning strategies in response to advancing erosive processes.
This systematic literature review synthesizes recent research on the resilience of mangroves in response to climate variability. Mangroves play a crucial role in coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation. However, climate variability, including extreme weather events, sea level rise, and changing precipitation patterns, poses significant challenges to mangrove ecosystems. Using Covidence for article selection and analysis, this study aims to establish a fundamental basis for the investigation of the relationship between climate variability and mangrove resilience. This study employed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to ensure methodological accuracy and transparency. A search of the Scopus database (2014–2024) identified n = 223 records, which after screening and eligibility assessment, resulted in n = 44 studies included in the final synthesis. Data extraction captured bibliographic, ecological, and methodological variables such as climate drivers, mangrove species, resilience indicators, and analytical tools. This review concludes that strengthening mangrove resilience requires integrated socio-ecological strategies that combine ecological processes with adaptive governance, sediment management, and community-based adaptation. Addressing research gaps through geographically and interdisciplinary approaches will be crucial for enhancing the role of mangroves in climate adaptation and sustainable coastal management. The findings underscore the importance of mangroves in relation to the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDGs 13 (Climate Action), 14 (Life Below Water), and 15 (Life on Land).
This study addresses the problem of coastal erosion on Peroba Beach, in Icapuí, Brazil, highlighting the socio-environmental conflicts resulting from territorial disputes and human interventions in the coastal zone. The erosion process is aggravated by natural and anthropogenic factors, such as disorderly occupation, climate change and alterations in sediment dynamics. The main conflict in Peroba involves two groups: the Peroba Residents Association (traditional fishermen), who advocated the construction of an adherent riprap, and the Preserve Peroba Association (new residents), who proposed a more ecological structure to restrain erosion. The dispute led to mediation by the Brazilian Federal Public Prosecutor’s Office (MPF), which proposed an agreement between the parties. The solution adopted consisted of the construction of two permeable breakwaters and artificial beach nourishment, combining coastal engineering techniques and integrated coastal zone management. The study reinforces the importance of community participation, sustainable planning and the use of nature-based solutions to minimize environmental impacts and preserve local characteristics.
Coastal water systems are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures, making natural recovery processes difficult and accelerating environmental degradation. Consequently, the urgent and strategic management of coastal and marine resources has become imperative to promote sustainability. Since the mid-19th century, various global and regional efforts have aimed to improve coastal conditions, among which Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) has emerged as a comprehensive and holistic framework. While a considerable body of literature exists on ICZM, a systematic review that synthesizes its historical evolution, conceptual foundation, policy frameworks, implementation models, and challenges remains lacking. This paper addresses this gap by providing an integrated, interdisciplinary overview of ICZM - tracing its development, highlighting significant governance approaches, assessing environmental, institutional, socio-economic, political, and scientific challenges, and identifying future directions. Special emphasis is placed on the Indian context, offering insights into national strategies, institutional mechanisms, and the application of remote sensing and spatial tools in coastal management. The paper also examines the contribution of ICZM toward achieving key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), reinforcing its role as a critical pathway to sustainable coastal governance.
