The article examines causation as an essential element of the objective side of crimes that cause harm to the life and health of a patient. It traces the historical evolution of the concept of causation in Russian criminal law, highlighting the lack of detailed legislative regulation, which necessitates doctrinal elaboration and judicial interpretation. The author analyses the main theoretical approaches to causation developed in Russian criminal law doctrine. Special attention is paid to specific aspects of establishing causation in cases of harm to a patient, such as the omission of a medical professional, the time gap between the act and the resulting harm, the multiplicity of contributing factors, and the individual characteristics of the patient's body. On this basis, the author concludes that the absence of a causal link between the medical professional's act and the resulting harm constitutes an independent circumstance excluding criminal liability for causing harm to a patient.
The article examines the relationship between financial and legal and civil law elements in the regulation of public relations related to the issuance and circulation of public bonds. It is noted that, as a form of public debt, state and municipal bonds are regulated by budgetary legislation. However, since bonds are traded on the financial market, the question arises as to the relationship between the norms regulating relations related to the functioning of the entire financial market as a whole and the norms establishing the specific features of the circulation of public bonds. The article also considers the issue of the sufficiency of civil law regulation in terms of fulfilling the obligations of a public entity regarding bonds.
The article analyzes the psychological aspect of criminal behavior among minors in the Russian Federation, examining what factors, in addition to personality traits, influence it. It explores how such important institutions as the family and school can contribute to the development of deviant behavior. Special attention is paid to the influence of a negative environment, family dysfunction, the information space, and the internet on the formation of a teenager’s personality and their behavior. Several theories that explain why teenagers commit crimes are presented, for example, the theory of anomie, the theory of social welfare, the theory of deviant subculture, etc. The statistics for the period 2024–2026 are being analysed. Based on official data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, it was determined at what age minors most often commit offences, which types of crimes are the most common among this category of persons, and what punishments are imposed on them. The conclusion is that a comprehensive approach is needed — one that will help identify risk factors and the development of deviant behaviour at an early stage. A set of measures has been proposed, including the introduction of school mediation technologies, psychological correction of family relationships, and improving the digital safety of minors and their parents.
The article examines the legal mechanism established by Regulation (EU) 2022/2560 on foreign subsidies distorting the internal market (Foreign Subsidies Regulation, FSR). It considers the concept of a foreign subsidy, the principal procedures under the FSR, the powers of the European Commission, the criteria for establishing a distortion of the internal market and the first enforcement practice. The purpose of the study is to determine the legal nature of the FSR mechanism and to identify the limits of the European Commission's supervisory powers in relation to undertakings operating in the EU internal market. The article argues that the FSR constitutes an autonomous instrument of public-law regulation in which the Commission's measures are directed primarily at the undertaking using an advantage obtained through support from a third country. This raises the question of the permissible limits of public intervention in the economic activity of undertakings. Further application of the Regulation requires proportionate information obligations, greater legal certainty, adequately reasoned decisions and effective procedural safeguards.
The article examines theoretical approaches to state regulation of the tourism industry market in the Russian Federation: the concepts of "strategic priority", "separation of competences", "sectoral isolation", and the socio-economic model. The legal problems inherent in each of them are identified. Based on a synthesis of doctrinal positions, an integrated approach is substantiated. Special attention is paid to the large-scale amendments of 2026 to the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourist Activity in the Russian Federation", including the change in the definition of a tourist product, the consequences for inbound, domestic and outbound tourism, as well as the risks for entrepreneurs and tourists. Ways to improve legislation are proposed.
