Background: Excess body weight is common in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and may influence treatment selection, but BMI profiles by antidiabetic regimen complexity remain underexplored in Indonesian hospital settings.Objectives: This study aimed to describe BMI profiles across antidiabetic regimen complexity among patients with T2DM in Indonesia.Methods: This multicenter cross-sectional study used secondary hospital-based data from 628 adult patients with T2DM from three Indonesian study sites in Jakarta, Bali, and Mataram. Patients were identified using ICD-10 codes E11.0-E11.9. BMI was categorized using Asian cut-off points, and antidiabetic regimens were classified according to the number of documented drug classes. Descriptive analyses summarized BMI and regimen patterns. One-way ANOVA compared mean BMI across regimen complexity groups, while chi-square and linear-by-linear association tests examined obesity grade distribution.Results: The mean age was 59.02 ± 11.34 years, and mean BMI was 25.72 ± 4.20 kg/m². Overall, 352 patients (56.1%) were obese. Monotherapy was the most common regimen complexity group (57.5%), followed by dual therapy (30.4%), triple therapy (10.0%), and ≥4 drug classes (1.0%). Mean BMI differed significantly across regimen complexity groups (p=0.025), and obesity grade showed an ordinal trend across increasing numbers of documented antidiabetic drug classes (p=0.017).Conclusion: Obesity was common among patients with T2DM in this secondary hospital-based dataset. Given the cross-sectional design, the observed association between higher numbers of documented antidiabetic drug classes and less favorable BMI profiles should not be interpreted as causal or as reflecting disease severity or therapeutic intensity.
Background: As a serious public health problem, chronic kidney disease (CKD) often shows no symptoms until it has progressed. Meanwhile, limited knowledge and awareness of the general population may delay early detection, impair preventive behavior, and increase exposure to modifiable risks, such as uncontrolled hypertension and diabetes, inappropriate medication use, and unsafe use of herbal supplements. Therefore, it is essential to improve community-based education, early screening, and pharmacy practice interventions by assessing the general public’s knowledge and awareness of CKD.Objectives: This systematic review synthesizes evidence on public knowledge and awareness of CKD and identifies factors influencing them.Methods: Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO databases were searched for relevant studies published in 2015–2024 using combinations of the keywords “knowledge,” “awareness,” “chronic kidney disease,” “public,” and “general population.” This study included original full-text English-language articles examining CKD-related knowledge and/or awareness in the general population. Meanwhile, systematic reviews, non-English articles, and studies that did not focus on the general population were excluded. The methodological quality of the reviewed studies was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies.Results: This review identified 176 records, 152 of which were screened after duplicate removal. Following the screening process, 15 cross-sectional studies involving 17,705 respondents were included. Most studies reported low public knowledge and awareness of CKD, particularly those regarding kidney function, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and complications of CKD, and medication-related risks. Higher education, income, employment status, and health status, family history of CKD, and previous kidney function testing were frequently associated with better knowledge and awareness.Conclusion: Public knowledge and awareness of CKD remain inadequate across settings. These findings contribute to structured public education, early detection programs, and pharmacist-supported community interventions to improve CKD awareness and promote safer medication use.
Background: Medication errors are preventable. However, they have not well recorded, and repeated errors may occur. Existing reporting instruments are primarily designed for hospital settings and may not adequately capture the unique workflow in community pharmacy setting. As a preventive action against medication errors, an instrument is needed to predict the potential occurrence of medication errors in pharmaceutical services.Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a potential medication error questionnaire that can measure the potential for medication-related errors by pharmacy workersMethods: An early study was conducted cross-sectionally in pharmacies in the Surabaya area. The research respondents were pharmacists and pharmaceutical technical personnel practicing in pharmacies in Surabaya. The validity test was carried out by analyzing the Content Validity Index (CVI), Pearson's product-moment correlation, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The reliability test was performed using Cronbach's alpha. All analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25.0.Results: A total of 100 respondents, consisting of pharmacists and pharmaceutical technicians in Surabaya City, were willing to participate in this study. EFA identified seven domains encompassing administrative interpretation error, prescription completeness by prescribers, prescription interpretation, medication preparation, labeling, dispensing, and monitoring errors. The results of the analysis showed that the loading factor values for each item greater than 0.5, Cronbach's alpha was >0.7, and Pearson's correlation coefficient surpassing the r-table threshold with significance level below 0.05.Conclusion: All 23 questions in the questionnaire met the established standards for validity and reliability in measuring the potential incidence of medication errors among pharmacy personnel.
Background: Effective pharmaceutical inventory management is essential to hospital pharmacy operations because it helps ensure the continuous availability of medicines, reduces unnecessary waste, and supports the efficient use of financial resources. To strengthen inventory control and guide decision-making, hospitals have applied various analytical methods, including ABC, VEN, ABC–VEN, ABC–XYZ, Critical Index, and Minimum-Maximum Stock Level (MMSL) analyses.Objectives: This systematic review examined and synthesized evidence on inventory management approaches used in hospital pharmacy settings and assessed their role in improving operational efficiency, maintaining medicine availability, and controlling costs.Methods: The review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Garuda to identify studies published between 2019 and 2024. Of the 898 records initially retrieved, 12 met the predefined eligibility criteria. Relevant data on study characteristics, inventory control methods, outcomes, and limitations were extracted and analyzed. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist.Results: The findings consistently showed that medicines classified as Category A under the Critical Index represented only a small proportion of total inventory items but accounted for the largest share of expenditure. ABC–VEN analysis supported the prioritization of high-cost and clinically essential medicines while helping to reduce inventory waste. Meanwhile, ABC–XYZ analysis improved inventory planning by considering variations in demand. Several studies also incorporated lead time, investment value, and medicine criticality into inventory-related decision-making. The use of ABC–VEN analysis was associated with inventory cost reductions of 35%–60%, while MMSL interventions decreased stock-out events and improved inventory turnover.Conclusion: Inventory management strategies play an important role in improving pharmaceutical supply performance and promoting the rational use of medicines in hospitals. Approaches that combine economic, clinical, and operational considerations appear to offer the most comprehensive framework for effective inventory control. Future investigations should prioritize multicenter and longitudinal designs with standardized outcome measures to strengthen the evidence base for hospital pharmacy management.
Background: Good Distribution Practices (GDP), governed by the Regulation of the Indonesian FDA (BPOM) No. 6 of 2020, require each facility to implement a quality system that covers responsibilities, processes, and risk management. However, consistent implementation of this framework remains a challenge. According to the 2023 BPOM Annual Report, 632 (81.03%) of 780 inspected pharmaceutical distribution facilities in Indonesia have met regulatory requirements, while 148 (18.97%) have not. No studies have comprehensively synthesized the root causes of non-compliance.Objectives: This study aims to synthesize evidence on GDP implementation at Pharmaceutical Distribution Companies (Pedagang Besar Farmasi/PBF) in Indonesia and to identify key non-compliance areas requiring attention.Methods: A narrative review was conducted by retrieving articles published between 2014 and 2024 from Google Scholar using the following keywords: Evaluation, Implementation, GDP, and Pharmaceutical Distributors. Of the 347 initially identified articles, six met the inclusion criteria after duplicates, non-Indonesian studies, and unrelated topics were excluded.Results: Despite persistent execution inconsistencies, most PBFs demonstrate compliant procurement procedures. Common non-compliance areas include supplier qualification deficiencies, incomplete documentation, inadequate personnel training, improper storage temperature control, and insufficient SOP implementation. Lack of documentation appears in three of six studies (50%), while personnel training deficiencies are reported in four studies (67%).Conclusion: GDP implementation remains uneven across Indonesian pharmaceutical distributors. To ensure sustained GDP compliance, BPOM should increase inspection frequency and impose stricter penalties, PBF managers should conduct internal audits regularly, and responsible pharmacists (Apoteker Penanggung Jawab) should lead periodic staff training and SOP evaluations.
