Cancer is a threat to humanity in this era. The new cases are sharply increasing. The cancer death also a major problem of the recent time. In this review the various treatment options available are described. The cancer types also explained. The WHO data of various new cases of cancer are depicted in the form of graph. The alternate therapies are reviewed .These alternate therapies are a hope now for the future cancer therapy. The future prospects of cancer therapy also explained.
Background & Objectives: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) represents the mildest form of thyroid hormone deficiency and may be associated with adverse consequences. SCH is defined as an elevated serum thyrotropin (often referred to as thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH) level with normal levels of free thyroxine (FT4) that affects up to 10% of the adult population. The identification of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism having an increased cardiovascular risk is of great importance in the present era. The aim of the study was to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Methods: 120 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and 120 age and gender matched healthy euthyroid controls in the age group of 18-70 years were included in the study. Body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, and levels of serum biomarkers were estimated in both the groups and further compared using student t-test. Lipid profile was also correlated with the serum ADMA & IL-6 and the results were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism had significantly higher levels of serum TSH, IL-6 and ADMA. Similarly, serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly increased and HDL-C was significantly decreased in SCH patients when compared to the same parameters of controls (p<0.001). Significant positive correlations were found among lipid profile and serum IL-6 & ADMA. Conclusions: The present study concluded that the SCH patients presented increased concentrations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors viz. IL-6, ADMA & lipid profile. The potential benefits of diagnosis and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism may have possible advantages firstly by preventing the progression to overt hypothyroidism and secondly decrease the risk of death from cardiovascular disease by starting appropriate therapy to improve lipid parameters.
Background: Golden apple snail (P. canaliculata) is an invasive pest which destroyed the wide range of agricultural crops, especially rice. It has been found to be a major pest resulting to losses in rice production. To control this pest easily farmers used synthetic molluscicides which can lead to several problems such as environmental contamination and health hazards. In view of this, some plants have been investigated for their intrinsic molluscicidal properties in an attempt to find an alternative pesticide which is not only safe and environmental friendly but also readily available and affordable. The development of the natural molluscicide would bring a healthier environment, safe to human and results to the increased food production. Hence, the study addresses the SDG 15, Life on Land and SDG 2, Zero Hunger. This study aims to determine the molluscicidal activity of chinese spinach (A. viridis) leaf extracts against the hatchability of P. canaliculata eggs. Methods: Plant samples were prepared and extracted using expression extraction method. Different concentrations of molluscicides using the extracts of A. viridis were prepared. Four experimental treatments based on the A. viridis extract concentration (i.e. 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), one negative control (distilled water), and one positive control (commercially available synthetic molluscicide) were used in the study. Results: Results showed that the leaf extracts of A. viridis altered the normal development P. canaliculata eggs. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that A. viridis is a potential alternative pesticide that inhibit the hatchability of the golden apple snail and which is not only safe and environment friendly but also readily available and affordable that will surely benefit farmers.
Background: The vast number of golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck) in the Philippines is one of the serious problems of rice producers. Synthetic pesticides were utilized by farmers because of its effectiveness. However, the use of chemicals result to environmental pollution, eradication of non-target organisms and unsafe products due to the toxicity of applied chemicals. This study introduce the key and response to this environmental problems through extraction of cashew apple (Anarcadium occidentale Linn.) as an alternative molluscicides which is environmentally friendly and effective pesticide against golden apple snail. The development of the natural molluscicide would bring a healthier environment, safe to human and results to the increased food production that addresses the Sustainable Goal Development such as Life on Land (SDG 15) and Zero Hunger (SDG 2). Methods: The golden apple snails were collected at the pond, nurtured, raised and allowed to lay eggs. The hatched eggs were nurtured until they reached the adult stage. The cashew apple were collected and extracted using manual juicer. There were six treatments with three replications. The golden apple snails were subjected to the different treatments and observed within eight hours. The percentage mortality in each treatment were computed. Results: After eight (8) hours of exposure of the golden apple snails to the different treatments, the pure extract of cashew apple (T1) obtained 93.3% mortality which is comparable with the commercially available synthetic molluscicide (T6-positive control). Conclusions: The results indicated that the extract of cashew apple is a potential molluscicide that may improve the food safety (rice) and protect the health of every Filipino farmers.
The aim of the current study is to determine the virulence genes of E. faecalis and polymorphism in these bacteria. A total of 300 females who visited the outpatient clinics in the Maternity and Pediatrics Teaching Hospital in Al-Diwaniya city, Iraq were enrolled. For twenty isolates of E. faecalis that showed dense growth when cultured on the specified culture media, then the sensitivity to antibiotics was tested, and then the virulence genes were determined for each isolate, where the results were shown there are statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in the presence of virulence genes in the tested bacterial isolates. (where the genetic analysis by PCR showed the presence of all virulence genes, except for isolate 3 of the gene esp (Enterococcal surface production protein), and isolates 11, 12, 15, 16 and 19 of the hly gene (haemolysin production). ERlC results showed the most of the isolates share a DNA segment of length 1500, 1000 bp, and 2000 pb. The curve also shows that most of the isolates lack the presence of the segment of length 500 pb. As for the pieces of 700, 600 and 400 bp, they showed a very high heterogeneity between the isolates. ln conclusion, most genes responsible for virulence factors were positive, except for hly, which showed positive results for nearly more than half of the isolates, that the virulence factors of said bacteria are a major focus of infection in said bacteria, and if these genes are not available, they are unable to hit or stick to the surface of the vagina. There were two types of genetic polymorphism in strains, one of which is caused by horizontal transmission between strains via plasmids and other horizontal transmission methods, and the other is caused by vertical transmission through mutations that occur between generations, causing high resistance to some antibiotics. vitality.
