This study examines whether the effect of conditional cash transfers on child labor varies by the household head’s working sector and occupation type. Using the March 2023 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey, we analyze 180,515 children aged 10–17 in households with an employed head. We estimate the effect of Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) using a recursive bivariate probit, weighted to the population and clustered at the primary sampling unit. We test the exclusion restrictions directly and use inverse-probability-weighted regression adjustment and propensity-score matching as robustness checks. In the preferred specification, the estimated reduction in child labor is 3.2 percentage points and is not statistically significant (p = .101). Both robustness estimators agree in sign and place the reduction below half a percentage point. We find no statistical evidence that the effect on child labor differs by the household head’s working sector, occupation type, or the child’s sex. Among PKH recipients, additional receipt of Program Indonesia Pintar, an education-specific transfer conditional on school enrollment, is associated with a 4.1-percentage-point higher probability of school attendance (p = .009). Overall, the design and combination of transfers may matter more than cash receipt alone.
Stunting remains a major public health challenge in Indonesia, with a national prevalence of 19.8% among children under five according to the 2024 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI). This study examined factors associated with stunting among children aged 0–24 months using nationally representative SSGI 2024 data. This cross-sectional secondary analysis included 82,647 children after data cleaning and eligibility screening. Survey-adjusted multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Male children had higher odds of stunting than female children (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI [1.39, 1.50], p < .001). Higher odds were also observed among children who did not receive early initiation of breastfeeding (AOR = 1.16, 95% CI [1.11, 1.21], p < .001), whose mothers received inadequate antenatal care (AOR = 1.34, 95% CI [1.21, 1.48], p < .001), and who lived in households with unimproved drinking water (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.04, 1.15], p < .001), paternal cigarette smoke exposure (AOR = 1.10, 95% CI [1.03, 1.18], p = .001), or unimproved sanitation (AOR = 1.15, 95% CI [1.07, 1.23], p = .001). Regional disparities were also evident. The model showed adequate fit, moderate discrimination (AUC = 0.73), and no problematic multicollinearity. Overall, stunting was associated with multiple biological, household environmental, health service, and regional factors, providing nationally representative evidence to inform risk-based and context-specific prevention strategies during the first 1,000 days of life.
Siamese Malaysians represent a small non-Muslim Bumiputera minority whose formal recognition has not necessarily translated into equivalent institutional incorporation. Access to institutional support and state resources remains uneven within Malaysia’s Malay-Muslim-dominant sociopolitical environment. This study examines how the Siamese of Terbak Village, Kelantan, navigate participation, belonging, and cultural continuity under these conditions. Drawing on 197 days of ethnographic fieldwork, including participant observation and 15 in-depth interviews, the study finds that broader social and economic participation coexists with the maintenance of ethnic and religious boundaries. Community members navigate uneven institutional conditions through temple-centered community networks, selective interethnic engagement, multilingual strategies, resource mobilization, and pragmatic accommodation. Constraints remain evident in temple-school funding, land insecurity, and perceived employment disadvantages. The study conceptualizes these dynamics as adaptive integration: a form of minority incorporation in which broader participation, communal boundary maintenance, and adaptation to unequal institutional conditions occur simultaneously. The Siamese case illustrates how minority agency shapes the terms of institutional inclusion alongside formal recognition.
This study aims to assess the knowledge and perceptions of traditional Bagan fishermen operating in Lampung Bay regarding the dynamics of climate change. Lampung Bay serves as a center of fisheries activity, making coastal communities, including traditional Bagan fishermen, highly dependent on fisheries for their livelihoods. However, this area is highly vulnerable and heavily affected by climate change. This study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing data collected through in-depth interviews and participatory observations involving the traditional Bagan fishermen community, formal institutions specifically the Head of Kota Karang urban village, Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Agency of Lampung, and Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics of the Republic of Indonesia (BMKG) and informal institutions socio-economic institutions consisting of fishery product processing entrepreneurs, pelele (fish trader), konca (captain) and pelimelime (crew). The results indicate that despite being aware of the impacts of climate change on Lampung Bay, most fishing communities employ diverse adaptation strategies to overcome their inherent limitations. A critical determinant in constructing social resilience is the optimization of informal institutions. Based on these results, it is recommended to implement an adaptive climate change impact management policy with a participatory approach.
Comprehensive models capturing how campaign fundamentals translate into voter responses through mobilization, including reciprocal relationships, remain underdeveloped in Southeast Asian subnational contexts. This study examines how political mobilization patterns mediate the associations between electoral success factors and changes in voting behavior in the 2025 Surat Thani Provincial Administrative Organization (PAO) chief executive election. Drawing on mediation theory and dynamic campaign models, structural equation modeling was applied to survey data from 430 eligible voters selected through multi-stage sampling to test a model that integrates five electoral success dimensions, six mobilization patterns, and multidimensional voting behavior. Model fit was acceptable (CFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.058, χ²/df = 2.14). Electoral success factors were associated with voting behavior both directly and indirectly through mobilization, with the indirect pathway accounting for approximately half the total effect. Mobilization patterns showed bidirectional associations with success factors, with the forward pathway substantially stronger than the feedback pathway, suggesting an asymmetric reciprocal structure. These findings contribute to population and social studies by refining our understanding of how subnational electoral dynamics in consolidating democracies are shaped by traditional authority, digital communication, and institutional networks, with implications for mediation theory and dynamic campaign models. Findings are interpreted as patterns consistent with dynamic electoral processes rather than definitive causal evidence.
