Cambodia’s rapidly growing economy has led to a significant increase in the number of registered cars and, consequently, demand for automotive spare parts. Remanufactured parts can support circular economy strategies, yet this option remains largely underexplored in Cambodia. This exploratory study examines Cambodian car owners’ awareness and perception of remanufactured automotive parts as alternatives to new spare parts. Primary data were collected through a survey, and 425 valid responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and 95
Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has significant environmental impacts, and although remanufacturing is promoted as a circular strategy, its environmental performance and the robustness of life cycle assessments (LCAs) are strongly influenced by methodological choices. This paper presents a systematic review of peer-reviewed academic and conference articles published between 2007 and 2025 on LCA of remanufactured EEE, with a particular focus on the methodological choices involved in conducting these assessments. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria of this review, providing consistent evidence that the remanufacturing of EEE can deliver substantial environmental benefits. However, rebound effects remain insufficiently addressed. The assessment revealed that use phase is frequently excluded from system boundaries, resulting in product-based functional units. Moreover, the review identified the existing gaps and provided valuable recommendations for a comprehensive LCA of remanufactured EEE. Key recommendations include enhancing methodological clarity and transparency and integrating rebound effects. The incorporation of primary use phase data for EEE is particularly important due to the significance of use phase energy consumption. Scenario analysis in system boundary selection should be conducted to better reflect neutral and supporter perspectives in remanufacturing contexts. Future studies should include ecotoxicity and human health impact categories, reflecting the presence of hazardous substances in EEE. Results should be reported cautiously, avoiding broad claims and clearly acknowledging uncertainty. Finally, greater alignment around clear and consistent definitions of remanufacturing can improve the credibility and comparability of the studies. Harmonising LCA methodologies enhances comparability, supporting informed decision-making and robust analyses.
The manufacturing industry needs to change its performance assessment methods because Industry 5.0 introduces new human-centric design standards, sustainable practices, and intelligent collaboration systems. In this context, performability is defined as the assessment of a system’s complete capability to provide consistent and dependable performance. This study aims to develop a new understanding of performability within the context of Industry 5.0 by integrating human-centricity, sustainability, resilience, and digital intelligence into a unified conceptual framework that connects intelligent technologies with closed-loop supply chains, remanufacturing systems, and dynamic warranty strategies to enhance sustainable and resilient industrial operations. Based on an examination of more than 50 recent studies, this study demonstrates how predictive maintenance, smart contracts, and digital twins have advanced the field, while proposing an integrated performability model that supports circular economy objectives. The applicability of the framework is demonstrated through multiple real-world extensions that span the electronics, automotive, and agriculture industries. Key challenges, which include interoperability, ethical governance, and system expansion, are addressed while creating a detailed research path for upcoming investigations. The study position performability as a fundamental element that enables sustainable value development in Industry 5.0 environments while delivering essential information for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.
The paper describes the experience gained from designing robotic tools for Electric Vehicle (EV) Battery Packs (BPs), specifically, pack-to-module, non-destructive, and partially destructive disassembly with operator support. The design evaluates the technological requirements for disassembly, involving the risk of potentially explosive atmospheres (ATEX) in the region around the BP. The study optimises the number of robotics tools, adopting solutions that privilege commercial components to reduce costs and for straightforward industrial adoption. The work proposes solutions in accordance with current international standards and details the implementation process.
This review examines the current research space within human-robot collaboration (HRC) in remanufacturing. Specifically, we present a 6-level HRC hierarchy tailored to the high-uncertainty and high-variability environment of remanufacturing, detailing how collaboration must evolve from simple coexistence to knowledge-driven communication to manage the complexities of EOL disassembly. Each HRC system is classified, in order, into one of the following categories: coexisting, relying, accounting, recognizing, instructing, and communicating. Additionally, a separate review examines the current landscape of human factors research within remanufacturing. This review groups the research into distinct evaluations: trust in automation, workload, fatigue, usability, and ergonomics. Finally, key robotics features for HRC systems are highlighted to provide a comprehensive guide for system development. Although some studies incorporate human factors measurements also propose HRC systems, the opposite is not true, and the majority of HRC studies do not consider human factors when developing their systems. Additionally, more recent studies have regressed in their integration of robotic teaming systems, with recent studies proposing simpler, less collaborative systems. This review highlights the importance of a human-centered approach to the ever-growing remanufacturing landscape.
