This study proposes a two-reference-point zone genetic model to explain variation in the offspring Composite Developmental Robustness Index (CDRI) as a function of parental age, addressing the limitations of conventional single-mean fitness models. Population-level phenotypic data from parents aged 20-35 years and ≥35 years were analyzed using Gaussian Mixture Modeling combined with bootstrap resampling, with statistical validation performed through Shapiro-Wilk tests, bimodality indices, and ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis analyses. The results reveal a unimodal distribution centered near the population mean (~50 CDRI) among younger parents, whereas offspring of parents aged 35 years and older display a bimodal distribution comprising a lower peak (~35 CDRI), associated with chromosomal instability and deleterious genetic variation, and a higher peak (~70 CDRI), linked to rare advantageous phenotypic combinations. This bimodality is consistent with mechanisms such as age-related recombination variability, heterozygote advantage, and disruptive selection, indicating that phenotypic variance increases with advancing parental age. The proposed framework highlights the importance of distributional structure over mean-based interpretation in reproductive genetics and provides a conceptual basis for future applications in evolutionary biology, genetic counseling, and integrative studies incorporating epigenetic and environmental factors.
The study conducted in this research paper utilizes the f(Q,T) gravity which incorporates a non-metricity Q along with the trace T of energy-momentum tensor. The cosmological implication of this theory in a spatially flat isotropic and homogeneous universe is extensively studied. However, our universe is not isotropic because of the Plank era and therefore to understand the complete evolution of the universe we must examine the f(Q,T) theory in a model with a small anisotropy. This inspired us to presume a spatially homogeneous anisotropic Bianchi type-III spacetime in presence of perfect fluid. We analyze the model f(Q,T) = αQ + βT where α and β are constants, in the background of an anisotropic universe with a widely accepted physically driven relation of proportionality between the expansion and the shear scalar. The cosmological parameters of the model are derived and analyzed. We examine the contribution of parameter space in deriving an acceptable model of the universe. Specific kinematic measures such as look-back time, proper distance, luminosity distance, angular diameter distance, the distance modulus versus redshift are discussed thoroughly to access the influence of particle creation in early and late-time cosmic evolution.
This research focuses on the synthesis of BiFeO₃ perovskite by Pechini method with an objective to investigate its potential in carrying out the photo degradation of the basic dye Malachite green under visible light irradiation. The purity and stability of BiFeO₃ material was analyzed by different characterization techniques. The FT-IR spectra with the bands at 450 cm⁻¹ and 549.68 cm⁻¹ showed metal-oxygen bonding accounting for the creation of a perovskite structure, XRD data showed that pure-phase BiFeO₃ crystallized into a rhombohedral structure with a crystallite size of 30.06 nm calculated using Scherer's formula. SEM indicated particles in the nano range of 150 nm - 450 nm. Elemental composition from EDX results was close to theoretical values, thus verifying the high purity of the nanoparticles. Band gap was found to be 1.9 eV from UV-DRS. Based on its crystalline nature and band gap, this material may be utilized as a photocatalyst. An initial dye concentration of 40 mg/L and a catalyst dose of 0.75 g/L at 35 °C were found to produce the most optimal results in studies evaluating the influence of initial concentration of dye and catalyst loading on dye degradation. A pseudo-first-order kinetic Langmuir-Hinshelwood expression was used to describe the dye photodegradation.
Wind energy has emerged as a critical component of global renewable infrastructure, with horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) dominating installations worldwide. This study presents an optimized HAWT rotor blade design for the Jamshoro wind corridor in Pakistan using Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory and QBlade v0.96 simulation software. Eight NACA airfoils (00xx and 55xx families) were systematically analyzed across Reynolds numbers 4.0×10⁵ to 1.2×10⁶. Four 25-meter blade configurations were developed and evaluated under site-specific conditions (mean wind speed: 9 m/s, range: 5-14 m/s). Results demonstrate that the cambered 55xx blade configuration achieved maximum power coefficient Cp = 0.52 at tip speed ratio TSR = 9 (88 % of Betz limit), generating 500 kW at mean wind speeds and 1,373 kW at maximum conditions. The design outperformed symmetric configurations by 37 %. Parametric analysis revealed <5% performance variation with ±20 % chord/twist tolerance, validating manufacturing feasibility for emerging markets. Peak aerodynamic loading at 50-70 % span (3,423 N normal, 45,077 N tangential) provides structural design boundary conditions. The optimized blade enables 20-30 % cost reduction through indigenous manufacturing, supporting Pakistan's 30 % renewable electricity target by 2030.
The thermodynamic free energy of quark gluon plasma (QGP) under one loop correction is calculated in presence of finite chemical potential to create bubble/droplet formation of QGP. The forming of bubble/droplet is affected by the presence of the chemical potential in the loop factor and the equilibrium/ stable and unstable droplets are formed at the parametrization values of quarks and gluons at the range of γq = 1/8 and 22γq ≤γg ≤ 30γq. However, the energy equilibration/stable of the droplet is obtained at the parametrization range of quark and gluon as γq = 1/8 and 26γq ≤γg ≤ 28γq. It implies that the existence of droplet is dependent on quark anti-quark and gluon parameters with the equilibrium/stable and non-equilibrium/unstable droplets. It means that the phenomenological parameters introduced which is similar to the Reynolds number, boost in forming the droplet of QGP and enhance the free energy amplitude with the equilibrium droplet depending on their values. However, the effect of the stable droplet size after the incorporation of chemical potential at one loop correction factor is visible with smaller size.
