Fatty acids methyl esters (FAMES) were synthesised utilizing the iupac standard, 1979 method 2.301 and their significance on the basis of nutritional research purpose. The earthworms were microwave extracted, then analysed for fatty acids composition according to aoac method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy used to identify the distinctive peaks of the fatty acid spectrum, whereas gas-chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy was used to evaluate the fatty acid composition of earthworm (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg). The current investigation identified two unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C19:3) and eleven saturated fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C23:0, C24:0, and C25:0). Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) varied from 26.38 to 29.14%, with oleic acid (C18:1) dominating at 16.88%, 17.75%, and 17.52%, respectively. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 70.86 to 73.61%, with stearic acid (C18:0) dominating at 13.24 to 13.99%. Thirteen fatty acids, were identified from Lampito mauritii, Kinberg Sindh Pakistan origin, using Agilent 6890 N gas chromatographic device with Agilent autosampler 7683-B injector and Agilent MS-5975 inert XL mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Little Fall, NY, USA)reported by us in the literature for the first time. Based on the results the earthworm (L. mauritii, Kinberg) contains significant fatty acids that have potential pharmaceutical values.
The peripherally tetra-substituted zinc (II) and cobalt (II) phthalocyanine complexes containing diethyl 3,4-dicyanophenylmalonate were synthesized and charaterized. These newly synthesized complexes have been described by utilizing FT-IR and UV/Vis procedures. Electronic absorption, fluorescence, melting denaturation, viscosity and electrophoresis procedures were applied to evaluate the interaction mechanism of tetra substituted 4 and 5 complexes with CT-DNA. Electronic spectra and emission experiments confirmed that 4 and 5 interact substantially by CT-DNA. The binding constant values for 4 and 5 were determined as 1.87 x10(6) M(-1 )and 1.64 x10(6) M-1, respectively. Kb data disclosed that the complexes attach to DNA through an intercalative binding mechanism. The results obtained from melting point technique also confirmed that the attachment of 4 and 5 complexes to DNA is an intercalative manner. In addition to above techniques, electrophoresis and viscosity technique were utilized to explain interaction features of 4 and 5 complexes with DNA. The findings obtained from viscosity and electrophoresis procedures demonstrated that the complexes interact with the DNA. All the data verified that 4 and 5 complexes may have a potential anticancer features.
Machine Learning (ML)has helped to accelerate research and innovation in multifarious domains. In this study, ML models have been used to predict adsorption energies of Methane Related Species on Cu-based Alloy. Comparative study of different ML algorithms integrated with GA were performed to improve the ML model's architecture and parameters selection. The results proposed that Categorical boosting (Catboost) model with RMSE = 0.0977, CC = 96.5 % outperformed all other models and effectively predicts adsorption energies. The partial dependence plots (PDPs) analysis shows the potential effects of each influencing parameter impact on the prediction of the respective adsorption energies and as well as shows that how these factors will interact during oxidative coupling of methane (OCM). In addition, SHAP analysis was employed to further interpret the contribution of individual descriptors to adsorption energies, allowing for the identification of key factors such as electronegativity, atomic radius, ionization energy, and surface energy. These insights highlight how dopant selection alters catalytic performance, demonstrating the ability of ML not only to provide accurate predictions but also to generate design-relevant knowledge. Overall, this approach provides a reliable and efficient methodology for reducing experimental screening and accelerating the discovery of promising Cu-based alloy catalysts for methane conversion.
In this study, the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the spectroscopic, thermal and prepared by adding 0.1, 0.5, and 1% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was investigated. For this purpose, nanocomposites containing 60% PVC were prepared by the solution casting method using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging showed that the polymer matrix had sufficiently homogeneous distribution of CNTs and that they were in good interaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed that the nanocomposites had an amorphous structure with approximately 15% crystallinity and CNT addition did not change the amorphous structure. From TGA analyses, CNTs had no effect on the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. The nanocomposites decomposed in three steps, similar to PMMA-PVC blends. The first stage of decomposition started at 194 degrees C, the second stage at 224 degrees C and the third stage at 349 degrees C. The decomposition ended at around 474 degrees C with a mass loss of approximately 90%. According to the data obtained from differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analyses, although the CNT addition increased the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites, it did not have a major effect. The Tg of the PMMA-PVC blend and nanocomposites was determined to be between 62 and 66 degrees C. The electrical conductivity curve showed that the nanocomposites reached a value close to the ideal percolation curve by increasing the CNT amount, and it was evaluated that CNT addition at rates above 1% may convert the nanocomposites into semiconductors.
The rising demand for nutritious and functional foods has spurred interest in underutilized natural resources to enhance consumer nutritional security. This study investigates the nutritional and functional properties of fruits from five wild Wild mulberry landraces (WM1-WM5) collected from Gilgit, Pakistan. The fruits were analyazed for pH, soluble solids titratable acidity, moisture, protein, fibre, ash, ascorbic acid, total sugar, anthocyanins, flavonoids, carotenoids, total phenolics and antioxidants activity. Results indicated pH values ranging from 3.62-6.79, total soluble solids at 14.14-17.06 degrees Brix, titratable acidity between 0.17-0.28%, moisture content of 62.65-81.7%. Protein, fiber and ash content ranged from 0.85-1.66%, 6.83-10.88%, and 0.351-0.672%, respectively. Ascorbic acid levels varied between 12.41-21.09 mg/100 g, total sugars 5.7-9.86 mg/100 g, anthocyanins 9.72-12.27 mg/100 g, flavonoids 71.64-81.9 mg/100 g, carotenoids 0.65-1.04 mg/100 g, and total phenolics 16.35-31.29 mg/100 g. Antioxidant activity, measured as DPPH scavenging, ranged from 70.99-87%. These results are comparable with reported values of common edible mulberry. These findings underscore the nutritional and functional richness of wild mulberry fruits, presenting them as a promising resource for food and feed applications. The study provides critical baseline data to support the development of value-added products and establish a wild mulberry value chain, fostering socioeconomic growth in mountain communities.
