Abstract Diamond is an established solid-state platform for quantum sensing, integrated photonics, and spin-based quantum technologies. Still, the performance of shallow color centers is strongly affected by surface-induced band bending, charge-state instability, interface traps, spectral diffusion, and near-surface defects. This review critically examines how hydrogen-, oxygen-, fluorine-, nitrogen-, and mixed-surface terminations, molecular functionalization, dielectric passivation, plasma and electrochemical treatments, defect-engineering routes, and emerging diamond-like carbon interfaces modify the local electronic and spin environment. Particular attention is given to the relationships among interface chemistry, defect depth, charge-state stability, spin coherence, optically detected magnetic resonance response, optical linewidth, spectral diffusion, and device-level reliability. Evidence from wide-field sensing, scanning-probe, nanophotonic, and hybrid architectures is compared while accounting for differences in processing and measurement conditions. Persistent limitations include inter-study variability, incomplete chemical–quantum correlation, inconsistent performance reporting, and limited long-term stability data. Standardized surface characterization, matched-condition performance measurements, and device-specific interface design are therefore required to improve reproducibility and support integrating surface-engineered diamond into quantum sensors, photonic components, and integrated quantum devices.
Abstract Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) is a continuous, atmospheric-pressure aerosol process that converts liquid precursor solutions into solid nanoparticles through ultrasonic atomisation followed by thermal treatment in a tube furnace. The method offers compositional flexibility, single-step composite formation, scalability through parallelisation, and a lower capital cost than flame spray pyrolysis and batch solution routes. USP has been used to produce noble-metal nanoparticles, metal-oxide nanoparticles, semiconductor quantum dots, porous carbon microspheres, doped wide-bandgap semiconductor oxide thin films, and single-step phosphor–matrix composites such as YVO 4 :Eu 3+ in γ -Al 2 O 3 . This review covers nanoscale fluorophores, including inorganic semiconductor/metal-halide nanocrystals, carbon-based fluorophores, lanthanide-doped inorganic phosphors, and emerging 0D quantum dots derived from layered parent materials, and assesses their synthetic feasibility for USP. Three target material types emerge as direct extensions of demonstrated capability (rare-earth-doped oxide nanophosphors, persistent luminescent nanoparticles, room-temperature phosphorescent carbon-dot–matrix composites), five as plausible extensions requiring moderate adaptation (fluorescent carbon dots, graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots, doped semiconductor oxide nanoparticles, I–III–VI 2 ternary chalcogenide quantum dots, Mn 2+ doped II–VI nanocrystals), and several as not addressable by USP under current understanding. Persistent technical issues in controlling the size, residence time, and carbonisation degree of carbon-based materials are identified, along with proven solutions from the inorganic literature.
Abstract The rapid evolution of nanotechnology has opened up transformative opportunities in biomedical diagnostics and therapeutics. Recently, a surge of research has underscored the remarkable progress achieved by bismuth-based nanomaterials in areas such as biomedical imaging, antibacterial therapy, and anticancer interventions, owing to their straightforward synthesis, excellent biocompatibility, and unique physicochemical attributes derived from their distinctive atomic structure. Consequently, bismuth-based nanomaterials are emerging as highly promising candidates for biomedical applications. This review comprehensively summarizes the state-of-the-art fabrication techniques for bismuth-based nanomaterials, investigates light-activated theranostic approaches, and evaluates the key factors influencing their therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, it highlights the emerging biomedical potential of these nanomaterials and discusses prospective future development directions informed by recent advancements in the field. By providing critical insights, this research not only expands the application landscape of bismuth-based nanomaterials but also offers valuable guidance for designing high-performance, multifunctional nanosystems. Ultimately, it aims to accelerate the discovery of innovative nanomaterials that meet the growing demands for sustainable and health-focused solutions.
Abstract Lithium-ion batteries play a vital role in the fields of electrification and spur the development of sustainable and high-performance cathodes. The paper will be a comprehensive analysis of the paper with a discussion of the traditional cathode materials and their limitations. The paper under review discusses the evolution of Full Manganese-Based Cathode Materials as alternatives to traditional cobalt- and nickel-based systems that are more cost-effective. It discusses major synthesis techniques, structurally related (spinel, layered, and cation-disordered rock-salt), and compositional engineering approaches. The key discoveries point to the benefits of Full Manganese-Based Cathode Materials in terms of cost and thermal stability and such serious challenges as manganese dissolution and Jahn-Teller distortion. The review mentions some of the innovative mitigation measures such as entropy stabilization and anionic redox engineering. To conclude, the current research on such materials is needed to produce the next generation of high-energy and sustainable Lithium-ion batteries.
