Female entrepreneurs in Central Asia contribute to economic development through their business establishment and workplace creation for others. Research shows that the motivation of women to start a business differs based on time and place-specific factors. Extant studies argue that women in developing economies opt for entrepreneurship because of push factors such as economic necessity and the need for a work-home balance. In contrast, women in advanced economies choose to be self-employed due to pull factors such as the need for self-actualization and independence. This study proposes a conceptual model to understand female entrepreneurial leadership in Kazakhstan by exploring the perceptions and experiences of women entrepreneurs within their leadership roles. It adopted Stewart's model of role demands-constraints-choices (DCC) to understand their perceptions of the demands, constraints, and choices they experience within their leadership roles, exploring the main drivers for Kazakhstani women's business establishment decisions addressing an existing knowledge gap on entrepreneurial leadership by aggregating three critical constructs of gender, leadership, and entrepreneurship. Based on semi-structured interviews, this study finds that Kazakhstani women start a business to earn an income, feed their children, and provide better living conditions. The findings also indicate that the case of women entrepreneurs' motivation in Kazakhstan is distinct from existing literature on female entrepreneurs' motivation in Central Asia developing economies.HIGHLIGHTSKazakhstani women start businesses to earn income, feed children, and improve living conditions.Drivers are distinct from female entrepreneurs in Central Asia's developing economies.Push strategies are a major driver for Kazakhstani women entrepreneurs.Keywords: Female entrepreneurshipinternational entrepreneurshipKazakhstan female entrepreneurshipLGBTQIA+push/pull motivational factors Additional informationNotes on contributorsGulnur SmagulovaGulnur Smagulova is a Senior Lecturer and researcher in technological entrepreneurship at Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan. Her primary research areas include entrepreneurship, distributed computing, data mining, and information systems.Marcus GoncalvesMarcus Goncalves is an Associate Professor and Coordinator of the Global Marketing Management program at Boston University MET, USA. His research is centered on international entrepreneurship and internationalization strategies, focusing on the impact of macroeconomics, gender gaps, and cultural and geopolitical contexts of entrepreneurs and internationalization strategies.
This study explores the concept of trust in leadership, drawing on insights from the ancient Chinese classic I-Ching. Using content analysis and metaphoric interpretation, we examine the meaning of Fu (trust) in I-Ching and its relevance to modern-day business leadership. Our analysis categorizes hexagram lines that mention Fu into six stages, forming the I-Ching Trust Development Cycle: Initiation, Progressing, Testing, Growth, Maturity, and Decline. The cycle begins without trust as leaders and followers meet to share their visions and missions. As relationships between leaders and followers develop, progress is made. The third stage tests the trust relationships, while the fourth stage describes how relationships are maintained. In the fifth stage, trust reaches its peak, but in the final stage, relationships reach a crossroads that may lead to either continued Growth or Decline. We suggest management implications at the end of each stage. Finally, we discuss the limitations and suggest future research directions.
The key rationale of linking restructuring with efficiency deliberates upon the use of resources and skills after such restructuring. The empirical analysis in the present research facilitates in testing four hypotheses- validation of cobb-Douglas production function, absence of technical inefficiency effects, the impact of the explanatory variable, absence of hicks-neutral technical change and absence of technical progress. A second level analysis wherein an explanatory variable viz., research & development and comprehending its impact on efficiency post ownership change is also done. Additionally, the study is deepened by understanding the presence of bias in decision making post ownership change. This research extends to developing patents in the field of medicines which is one of the many dimensions where Indian Pharmaceutical Industry (IPI) needs encouragement. Furthermore, relatively unexplored areas of medicine like complex generics and biosimilars can promote IPI on the international platform due to limited competition and greater margins in this novel field.
