Water infrastructure construction in dense urban environments like Tukad Badung, Denpasar, faces severe operational uncertainty due to weather anomalies. Nonlinear interactions between rainfall, machinery productivity, and labor performance frequently cause schedule delays and cost overruns. This study develops a system dynamics model for adaptive time and cost control in river flood infrastructure projects. Using an exploratory sequential mixed-method design, qualitative expert interviews were transformed into Causal Loop Diagrams (CLD) and quantitative Stock and Flow Diagrams (SFD). Model validation against historical progress data yielded a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 4.85%, supported by dimensional consistency, extreme-condition, and behavior reproduction tests. Baseline simulations under projected 2026 rainfall indicated a 12-day project delay and a 5.2% cost variance. Policy scenario analysis revealed that the "Scheduled Working Hour Optimization" strategy performed best among tested options, achieving timely completion (SPI = 1.00) with a minimal cost variance of 2.1% (final CPI = 0.98). Conversely, reactive workforce addition caused severe cost overruns of 8.0% (final CPI = 0.92) due to site crowding. System dynamics modeling provides project managers with a robust, proactive framework to mitigate climate-induced operational risks in riverine construction environments.
The selection of scaffolding materials is a multi-criteria decision problem because safety, technical performance, cost, time, and operational considerations may lead to different preferences. This study evaluates wood, steel, and aluminum scaffolding for reinforced-concrete works in Building A of the Gianyar Government Center (Puspem Gianyar). A mixed-method design was applied using field observation, structured interviews, project documents, and pairwise-comparison questionnaires completed by 30 construction practitioners and experts. Respondents were selected purposively, and individual judgments were aggregated using the geometric mean before being processed with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The revised reciprocal criteria matrix produced occupational safety as the highest-priority criterion (35.86%), followed by technical performance (27.09%), time (17.22%), cost (11.30%), and operational convenience (8.53%). The criteria matrix had a consistency ratio of 2.90%, while the sub-criteria matrices had a consistency ratio of 0.79%, both below the 10% acceptance threshold. After synthesizing criterion, sub-criterion, and alternative priorities, aluminum achieved the highest normalized final priority (41.77%), narrowly exceeding steel (40.88%), while wood obtained 17.35%. Aluminum performed strongly in durability, reuse, maintenance, installation efficiency, dismantling, and transportation, whereas steel remained superior in material strength, rigidity, and structural safety. The narrow difference between aluminum and steel indicates that the final decision remains sensitive to project-specific safety and technical requirements. The model offers a transparent decision-support framework rather than a universal material prescription.
The runoff coefficient in the Badung river basin changes from 0.57 to 0.71 in 2026, especially due to the conversion of rice fields into residential and commercial areas, as well as the reduction of mangrove forests and green open spaces. These changes have resulted in a significant increase in runoff and flooding in the Badung River. The Probable Maximum Flood calculated in 2000 was 485.82 m3/s, in 2026 it was 764.91 m3/s. Over the past 26 years, the Badung River has experienced a 57.45% increase in the Maximum Probable Flood. The embankment capacity upstream of Hasanuddin Bridge is 503.579 m3/s, while downstream of Hasanuddin Bridge the capacity of the Badung River embankment is 482.174 m3/s. This analysis concludes that flood conditions around Hasanuddin Street are 0.80 m above the average height of the Badung River embankment. Necessary measures in the study area include raising the Badung River embankment by 1.6 meters in flood-affected areas, normalizing the channel slope to 0.009, maintaining the area's flow coefficient at 0.71, and managing and controlling waste in the area. This treatment will increase the capacity of the Badung River in flood-affected areas to 886.360 m3/sec.
The construction industry heavily relies on highly efficient supply chain management (SCM) to ensure project success, minimize costs, and guarantee timely delivery. This study evaluates the supply chain performance of a construction project at PT. Bingkai Langit Construction, which experienced material procurement constraints. The objective is to measure performance using the SCOR 12.0 framework and formulate improvement strategies. Using a descriptive analysis method, this study evaluates five SCOR indicators: Reliability, Responsiveness, Agility, Cost, and Asset Management. Data were collected through observations and questionnaires from 37 respondents, analyzed using the Frequency Index method, and finalized via a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with the strategic management team. The results show an overall "Good" performance score of 76.8%. Individual indicators scored: Reliability (79.73%), Cost (77.70%), Responsiveness (76.13%), Agility (75.45%), and Asset Management (75.00%). To address weaknesses in asset management and agility, priority strategies include implementing Just-In-Time (JIT) delivery for structural materials, optimizing heavy equipment utilization, reducing material waste, and aligning logistics schedules.
Cardiovascular diseases, including arrhythmia and heart failure, remain major causes of death worldwide. Cloud-based ECG monitoring systems may face challenges related to dependence on internet connectivity and data transmission. This study aimed to develop a prototype of a local-network-based wearable ECG monitoring system using a Raspberry Pi as a local server without relying on public internet connectivity. A modified Research and Development (R&D) method was applied through requirements analysis, system design, prototype development, and system evaluation. The system integrated an AD8232 ECG sensor, an ESP8266 microcontroller, and a Raspberry Pi. ECG data were transmitted in real time through a local Wi-Fi network using HTTP over TCP/IP and stored in a MySQL database. BPM measurements were validated against a pulse oximeter using 10 measurements for each of six participants aged 14–87 years, resulting in 60 measurements in total. The system achieved an average accuracy of 97.75% and an average error of 2.25%. The prototype successfully acquired and recorded raw ECG and BPM data, classified heart rate into predefined normal, bradycardia, and tachycardia categories, and provided corresponding LED indicators. The system is intended for ECG and heart-rate monitoring and does not provide clinical diagnosis of cardiac conditions.
