Pertamina’s monopoly over aviation fuel and domestic fuel markets drives high prices and poor fuel quality, exacerbated by systemic issuesw This study examines the impacts of Pertamina’s monopoly, using a literature review, simple regression, and real-time data from Trading Economics, Statista, ESDM, supported by 10 monopoly-focused journals. The 2025 corruption scandal (Rp 193.7 trillion loss) reinforces monopolistic inefficiencies, with overpriced imports (Rp 11.7 trillion) strengthening avtur dominance, raising aviation costs by 10-15%. Monopoly-driven quality omission increases pollution by 8% (Rp 8 trillion health costs). Global oil prices fell 13.86% (Brent USD 64.35/barrel, June 2025), but domestic fuel prices only dropped 4.85% (Pertalite Rp 12,100/liter) due to monopolistic pricing and low elasticity (0.35). Weak KPPU oversight and UU No. 5/1999 enforcement worsen inefficiencies. Blockchain-based supply chain transparency could reduce losses by 20-30%, fostering competition.
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the backbone of inclusive eco-nomic development in Indonesia. However, in addition to internal challenges, MSMEs also face external threats in the form of extortion practices carried out by unscrupulous community organizations (CSOs). This study aims to examine conceptually and liter-arily the practice of extortion by mass organizations, its impact on MSMEs, and how it creates economic burden and legal uncertainty for small business actors. The method used is a literature review by tracing academic journals, books, and relevant recent news. The results of the study show that extortion practices increase the operational costs of MSMEs, reduce competitiveness, and widen economic disparities. In addition, this practice also undermines the ideal role of mass organizations as development partners and reduces the level of public trust in the legal system. These findings em-phasize the importance of academic and policy attention to non-structural external threats that have so far received less attention in the discourse of populist economics.
Song and music copyright royalty management is a crucial aspect of protecting intellectual property rights, particularly for creators. Although Indonesia has a legal basis through Law Number 28 of 2014 and Government Regulation Number 56 of 2021, practice still faces various obstacles such as low transparency, weak data collection systems, and a lack of business awareness. This research uses a normative juridical approach by analysing regulations, policy effectiveness, and the role of the National Collective Management Institute (LMKN). The study results indicate a significant need for comprehensive reform, encompassing at least three approaches: institutional strengthening with human resources with integrity and the use of technologies such as blockchain; increased digital literacy; synergy between stakeholders; and regulatory improvements accompanied by law enforcement. These reforms are expected to create a fair, efficient, and sustainable royalty management system to support the growth of the national music industry.
The ability to represent data graphically is a crucial skill in learning statistics, yet it involves complex semiotic processes that are often influenced by students’ cognitive styles. This study was conducted to explore the semiotic complexity of high school students’ statistical graphs about their cognitive styles: field dependent (FD) and field independent (FI). Using a descriptive qualitative approach, four 12th-grade students were selected based on the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) and a standardized mathematics ability test to ensure cognitive style categorization and equal academic level. Data were collected through a Semiotic Graph Complexity Test (TKSG) and semi-structured interviews focusing on four semiotic components: problems, actions, concepts, and properties.The findings show that students with FI cognitive styles demonstrated a higher level of semiotic complexity, reaching the "joint graphs" level, characterized by coherent integration of data, appropriate graph selection, and accurate symbolic interpretation. In contrast, FD students exhibited lower levels of complexity, often limited to literal and superficial representations. These results confirm that cognitive styles significantly affect students’ abilities to transform statistical data into meaningful graphical representations. This study highlights the importance of differentiated instruction based on cognitive styles, suggesting explicit scaffolding for FD students and more explorative tasks for FI students to enhance graph comprehension and statistical literacy.
This study examines the origins and development of skeptical theism a philosophical position that reconciles belief in God with the recognition of human cognitive limitations in understanding divine providence, particularly regarding the problem of evil. While skeptical theism formally emerged in modern philosophy, its foundations can be traced to Enlightenment thinkers who grappled with the boundaries of human reason and faith. Through historical-philosophical and analytical methods, this work analyzes the contributions of six key figures John Locke, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, David Hume, Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant demonstrating how their diverse perspectives shaped the epistemological framework of skeptical theism. Locke’s empiricism and Leibniz’s rational theodicy laid early groundwork, while Hume’s radical skepticism and Diderot’s materialism, though atheistic, inadvertently reinforced the notion of cognitive limits. Rousseau’s natural religion and Kant’s critical philosophy further refined the balance between faith and reason, emphasizing the inscrutability of divine will. The study highlights how these thinkers, whether theistic or not, collectively advanced the principle of epistemological humility a core tenet of skeptical theism. By offering a comparative analysis rarely found in existing literature, this essay bridges historical and contemporary debates on theodicy, divine hiddenness, and the rationality of religious belief. Its findings are relevant to philosophy of religion, epistemology, and interdisciplinary studies, providing a foundation for further research on skeptical theism’s dialogue with modern movements like reformed epistemology.
