Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases nowadays, and tyrosine kinase receptors play crucial roles in cancer cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, and migration. This study designed and developed a new inhibitor from heterocyclic-based xanthone derivatives to target two tyrosine kinase receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), through in silico screening. Eighteen heterocyclic-based xanthones were evaluated through molecular docking for both receptors. All heterocyclic-based xanthones gave the root mean square deviation (RMSD) value lower than 2.00 & Aring;. Xanthone with isobenzothiazole substituent (iBzThio) was found as the most potent inhibitor with binding energies of-10.60 and-12.90 kcal/mol against EGFR and PDGFR, respectively. Further investigation has been performed through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for 100 ns. From the results of MD simulations, i.e., RMSD, root mean square fluctuation, radius of gyration, solvent accessible surface area, hydrogen bonds, and binding energy parameters, as well as secondary structure fraction, dictionary of protein secondary structure, and Ramachandran plot, iBzThio demonstrated good stability to interact with the active site of both receptors. The binding energies of IBzThio against EGFR and PDGFR receptors were-12.58 and-12.61 kcal/mol after the MD simulations, indicating its potential application as an effective tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, wound healing, and CNS depressant effects. Despite its broad pharmacological potential, clinical application is limited due to a lack of mechanistic understanding, standardization, and clinical validation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic potential of S. trilobata, while highlighting research gaps and suggesting future directions for clinical translation. A systematic review of scientific literature, ethnobotanical sources, and pharmacological studies was conducted, focusing on phytochemical analysis, biological activity, toxicity, and potential applications in evidence-based medicine. Phytochemical studies reveal that S. trilobata contains flavonoids, terpenoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and phenolic compounds. Key constituents such as kaurenoic acid, grandiflorenic acid, and wedelolactone are associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. However, there are gaps in understanding its pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and clinical relevance. Although S. trilobata shows strong pharmacological promise, further research is needed to clarify molecular mechanisms, enhance bioavailability, and conduct well-structured clinical trials. These efforts are essential to support its integration into evidence-based and modern medicinal systems.
Gravitational lensing is an integral part of Einstein general theory of relativity. The existence of singularity in standard black holes is a hurdle for understanding the properties of black holes. The introduction of nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED) offers an intriguing possibility of constructing non-singular black hole. Gravitational lensing by the photon sphere probes the physical properties of lens objects such as black holes. This work presents a strong deflection limit analysis in a general asymptotically flat, stationary, spherically symmetric spacetime. We extend the analysis of the light deflection around the photon sphere-complete capture, and set a strong field limit that is opposite to the usual weak field limit. The deflection angle always diverges logarithmically when the minimum impact parameter is reached. We apply this general formalism to a singular Reissner-Nordstr & ouml;m and a non-singular regular black hole. By comparing the coefficients characterizing these metric functions and observing the different collapsing objects, they are characterized by strong field limits. These coefficients are directly connected to the observables, such as the angular position and the magnification of the relativistic images. A supermassive black hole is modeled as a regular charged black hole at the galaxy's core.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a rapid, molecular biology technique widely used in disease diagnosis and genetic engineering. Conventional PCR products require agarose gel electrophoresis, which employs a DNA ladder as a size reference. Most commercial ladders are plasmid-based and reliable, but require additional culture time. We suggest a more efficient method for producing a DNA ladder using DNA derived from human blood. DNA was isolated using a commercial kit. Primer sets generating 100-1000 base pair (bp)-long fragments bearing target regions p12, p13, and p14 were designed using Primer-BLAST. DNA was amplified by routine PCR, visualized on a 1% (w/v) agarose gel, and pooled to form a 100-bp ladder. The lab-made ladder was compared with a commercial ladder. Extracted DNA showed a purity of 1.878. Bands of 100, 500, and 1000 bp were added in greater amounts to produce wider, more visible bands. The pooled fragments served as a functional 100-bp DNA ladder. A key limitation is the lack of sequencing, as genomic variations may affect flanking regions and potentially alter amplicon sizes. A 100-bp DNA ladder generated using DNA extracted from human blood had good quality, comparable to that of a commercial ladder.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is the biological conversion of ammonium to nitrogen gas (N-2) using nitrite as an electron acceptor. This study evaluated the performance of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) in nitrogen removal at room temperature using Candidatus Brocadia fulgida, an anammox bacterium previously cultivated from Lake Koto Baru, Tanah Datar, Indonesia. The MBR was operated for 48 days with a hydraulic retention time of 24 h under a continuous supply of ammonium and nitrite, with both substrates provided at influent concentrations of 70, 150, and 250 mg-N/L. Samples were collected twice a week and analyzed via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The stoichiometric ratios of triangle NO2--N/triangle NH4+-N and triangle NO3--N/triangle NH4+-N were 1.13 and 0.15, respectively, which were consistent with the anammox reaction. The maximum nitrogen removal performance, including nitrogen removal rate, ammonium conversion efficiency, and nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE), reached 0.515 kg-N/m(3)center dot d, 92.76%, and 91.27%, respectively, at a nitrogen loading rate of 0.566 kg-N/m3 center dot d. Anammox bacteria from Koto Baru Lake showed high NRE at room temperature using MBR.
