Globalization has brought positive changes in GDP growth rate, international trade and wellbeing of societies around the world. However, Pakistan despite being an open and liberal economy is experiencing persistent decline in its exports since 2003. This study investigates the determining factors of Pakistan’s export using annual data ranging from 1993 to 2013. This study employs an advanced technique for panel data analysis “PPML-Estimator” which is more consistent with gravity model and addresses common issues associated with panel data. This study includes first time a new variable “Information Flow Index” (IFI) as proxy of Globalization; to arrest the impact of globalization. This variable not only improved the model specification but also reduced the negative impact of distances. Furthermore, the results reveal that findings are consistent with literature of basic gravity model and the negative impact of distance decreases over time in the case of Pakistan.
The purpose of the current study is to review the academic literature in the field of employee retention, and to conduct a content analysis in order to classify and provide a comprehensive bibliography. Emerald Insight, Science Direct and Willey Online Library databases were used to review the available literature on employee retention. The database search showed 226 publications after mentioning employee retention as the primary research topic. The publication sample was further reduced to only include empirical research studies in qualitative and quantitative domain. The result was reduced to a sample of 79 research publications, which were classified in to mutually exclusive categories. The content analysis led to classification of literature on the basis of five categories, i.e. publication type, publication journal, publication research area, research region and publication year. The study identifies ten years’ history of research on employee retention starting from 2007 to present and hints towards future research prospects in research in terms of area of study, type of study. Current study provides a comprehensive bibliography that will be useful to both academicians and practitioners for studying existing research as well as for anticipating future research.
This study aimed to investigate employee participation in decision making on organizational commitment. The objective of the study was to examine employee participation in decision making influences organizational commitment at Savannah Cement Limited. This study adopted a descriptive survey design in the investigation of employee participation in decision making on organizational commitment at Savannah Cement Limited. The study population consisted of 302 employees working at Savannah Cement Limited. A sample of 30 employees was selected using stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Data collected was analyzed with the aid Statistical Package of Social Science SPSS (version 21). A multi regression model was generated to show the influence of the variables to organizational commitment. The regression showed that consultative management had the highest influence on organizational commitment with a coefficient of 0.488, followed by group discussions with a coefficient of 0.384, suggestion programs with a coefficient of 0.269 and briefing groups with a coefficient of 0.221. The study recommends the support of employee participation in decision making. The study also provide insight for further studies on the topic.
Audit committee effectiveness has gained considerable attention due to accounting scandals and earnings manipulation cases. In this article studies have been reviewed that empirically examined the audit committee’s role in mitigating earnings management by focusing on three perspectives; legalistic approach, resource dependence and agency theory. Based on these perspectives an integrated model has been developed highlighting the role of audit committee in its task of constraining earnings management. The review reveals that audit committee independence, activity, expertise and composition are major determinants of audit committee effectiveness to improve their oversight role and confine earnings management however the busyness and connectedness of members of AC is impacting their monitoring performance. The review concludes by offering an agenda for future studies in this promising area of audit committee effectiveness.
This Study attempts to evaluate the adoption and impact of Marketing strategies employed in Adama beverages company limited Yola, in Adamawa Northern Nigeria. Adama beverage being one of the biggest beverage company in Northern Nigeria supplies water and beverage and copes with the high and increasing demand of people of Adamawa state and its environs as it is one of the hottest states. The study uses questionnaires as the main instrument in collecting data. Questions were set based on issues relating to customer, competition and the company. A total number of 420 questionnaires were distributed to the staff of Adama beverage, out of which 223 were returned. Simple percentages were used in analyzing the data. The findings revealed that the company tend to adopt a strong marketing strategy of serving their customers better and trying to gain steady market growth. This will help other similar organizations to improve on their customer value and maintain a steady sales growth.
