Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) offer tunable optoelectronic properties for energy technologies, yet their practical value depends on reconciling device performance with operational stability, scalable processing, and environmental responsibility. This review critically connects compositional engineering, quantum confinement, and surface chemistry with degradation mechanisms and device-specific functionality across photovoltaics, photoassisted Li–O₂ batteries, radioluminescent nuclear batteries, and hybrid solar–mechanical harvesting. Its distinctive contribution is an application-spanning assessment that examines how material design and stabilization strategies influence functional benefits, performance trade-offs, and sustainability requirements. Quantitative comparisons distinguish device metrics from optical and structural descriptors and identify limitations arising from inconsistent testing conditions and incomplete durability reporting. The analysis indicates that recycled lead precursors can approach commercial-precursor photovoltaic performance, while confinement and polymer integration offer complementary routes to stabilize PQDs and support multifunctional operation. However, efficiency gains and short-term stability demonstrations remain insufficient evidence of practical readiness, and precursor recycling alone does not establish lifecycle sustainability. Future progress therefore requires application-specific durability benchmarks, transparent performance reporting, scalable synthesis, and quantitative evaluation of resource use and end-of-life management.
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) represent one of the most debilitating and costly complications of diabetes, with bacterial infection and biofilm formation as primary drivers of wound chronicity and treatment failure. In response, antimicrobial biomaterials have emerged as a transformative strategy that actively modulates the wound microenvironment. This review surveys recent advances in antimicrobial biomaterials for DFU repair over the past five years, focusing on design strategies, mechanisms, and translational potential. We review natural polymers (chitosan, collagen, alginate), synthetic polymers (PLA, PGA, PLGA, PCL), inorganic antimicrobials (metal nanoparticles, bioactive glass), and bioactive molecules (antimicrobial peptides). We highlight integration of broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, biofilm disruption, inflammation regulation, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration—within a single platform. We discuss 3D/4D bioprinting, smart responsive systems, lab-on-a-chip/microfluidics, and smart wearables driving personalized, monitorable, and intelligent wound management. Despite preclinical promises, challenges remain in clinical evidence, cost-effectiveness, scalability, and regulatory pathways. Future directions emphasize multidisciplinary collaboration to translate these platforms into practice and improve DFU outcomes worldwide.
This study examined the effects of multifunction cavitation (MFC) and energy-intensive multifunction cavitation (EI-MFC) on residual stress and the hardness of carburized steel. Both treatments increased compressive residual stress and hardness due to plastic deformation, and EI-MFC tended to produce slightly higher residual stress and a deeper affected layer. The increase in hardness is considered to be associated with work hardening. Fatigue tests as stress ratio of −1 showed a tendency toward improved fatigue performance under low stress amplitude conditions. These results suggest that cavitation-based surface modification influences the mechanical properties under the present experimental conditions.
The selective detection of iron(III) ions (Fe3+) is of great importance in environmental and biological systems due to their critical role in various physiological processes and as a water pollutant. In this work, we report a novel amide-containing aggregation-induced emission (AIE) polymer, synthesized via a simple condensation polymerization between pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid and naphthalene-1,5-diamine. The resulting polyamide exhibits weak fluorescence in dilute solution but demonstrates strong emission upon aggregation in a THF/water mixture, confirming its typical AIE characteristic. Leveraging this property, the polymer was applied as a fluorescent probe for the selective detection of Fe3+. Photoluminescence studies revealed that the polymer's emission is significantly and selectively quenched upon the addition of Fe3+ over a range of other metal ions (Ag+, Al3+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Hg2+, K+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Na+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Pd2+, Zn2+), indicating excellent selectivity. The quenching mechanism is attributed to chelation-enhanced quenching (CHEQ) between Fe3+ and the amide/pyrazine moieties, facilitating efficient electron transfer. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis further confirmed aggregation changes upon Fe3+ binding. This work provides a straightforward and effective approach to developing AIE-active polymeric probes for potential applications in environmental monitoring and biological sensing of Fe3+.
Silica/epoxy composites are widely applied in copper-clad laminates and electronic packaging, but silica is hydrophilic. Traditional hydrolytic silanization suffers from long processes, self-condensation, low grafting efficiency and poor interfacial compatibility. In this work, a facile nonhydrolytic FTES modification under anhydrous conditions is developed to suppress side reactions and enable efficient fluorination. Under optimized conditions (10 wt% FTES, 80 °C, 0.25 h), silica achieves a 145° water contact angle near superhydrophobicity, with better dispersion and lower organic loss. The corresponding epoxy composites show reduced viscosity, enhanced tensile strength, lower dielectric constant and improved thermomechanical properties, providing a rapid, effective strategy for high-performance electronic packaging composites.
