P-type nickel oxide (NiOx) films with adjustable properties are essential for advanced optoelectronics and photovoltaics. We show that the power of ALD H2O plasma (50-200 W) serves as a key parameter for controlling structural, optical, electrical, and electronic properties of NiOx films grown from Ni(acac)(2) precursor. Structurally, all obtained films had nano-crystalline cubic NiO phase; a secondary Ni3C phase emerged only for 200 W plasma, producing large crystallites (similar to 10-13 nm) and surface roughness (0.85-2.39 nm). Visible light transmittance varied with plasma power from >80% (50 W) to similar to 60% (200 W) due to increased scattering on incorporated defects. All films had p-type conductivity (similar to 10(-4) S/cm). The 200 W sample featured the highest mobility (10.07 cm(2)/V & centerdot;s) and conductivity (8.91 & times; 10(-4) S/cm). XPS analysis confirmed formation of non-stoichiometric NiOx with plasma-dependent defect configurations. The CNi peak appeared only at high plasma power. Electronic structure analysis confirmed that plasma power can be used for the efficient fine-tuning of band gap (3.35-3.54 eV), work function (5.17-5.70 eV), and the position of valence band maximum (-0.73 to -0.35 eV relative to the Fermi level E-F). The films deposited with 50 W plasma featured a promising parameter balance for hole transport layers: high transparency (>80%), low roughness (0.85 nm), good band alignment (E-F - 0.73 eV) and conductivity (3.45 & times; 10(-4) S/cm). These results establish the H2O plasma power as a versatile parameter for defect engineering and control of band alignment in NiOx, capable of producing good-quality hole transport layers for perovskite solar cells and other transparent optoelectronic devices.
Triple quantum wire (TQW) nanostructures represent a promising platform for tunable nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices, yet their donor impurity properties remain largely unexplored. In this work, we investigate a triple GaAs quantum wire system separated by Ga1_ xAlxAs barriers. Using the finite element method within the effective mass approximation, we calculate the donor binding energy and electronic polarizability. The donor binding energy exhibits a characteristic triple-peak profile, reflecting the spatial distribution of confined states and the interplay between quantum confinement and inter-wire coupling across the three wires. We further show that the binding energy is strongly influenced by inter-wire coupling, impurity position, alloy composition, and externally applied electric fields. Moreover, the electronic polarizability can be efficiently tuned through the quantum wire width, inter-wire coupling, alloy composition, and external electric fields, with a maximum response observed at intermediate wire widths where confinement and carrier delocalisation compete. These findings demonstrate that careful impurity positioning and structural design provide effective routes for controlling the donor binding energy and polarizability, offering valuable insights for the development of advanced nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices.
In this work, new multiferroic nanocomposites based on (1-x) Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4 + (x) Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 (where x = 0.0,0.20, 0.40,0.60,0.80 and 1) have been synthesized by conventional solid state reaction route. Structural studies have been done by XRD and Rietveld analysis technique. Energy gaps were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and values for ferrite NCFO is 1.17 eV, BCZT pure phase is 3.01 eV, whereas energy gap values vary from 1.66 eV to 2.24 eV in the case of composites. Also, the presence of ferrite T2g, A1g, Eg vibrational modes and perovskite A1(TO), E(TO) vibrational modes were confirmed through Raman spectroscopy and proved strong interfacial coupling. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis has been carried out for determining morphological characteristics of the synthesized samples. Sample N60B40 possesses highest coercivity of 470.3 Oe, whereas N20B80 exhibits minimum coercivity of 431.4 Oe. Other samples possess moderate values, such as 453.3 Oe forN80B20 and N60B40 470.3 Oe. Moreover, the dielectric constant decreases and remains constant while increasing the frequency. The N80B20 composite was observed to have the maximum magnetodielectric constant of 8.30%, which is significant at low frequency with corresponding magnetodielectric loss variation, the results revealed a significant magnetodielectric coupling effect.
We developed a highly efficient and stable CdS loaded sepiolite catalyst, CdS@SEP, with a one-step calcination process, under mild conditions (200 degrees C, 1 h)-distinct from conventional high-temperature processes-with parameters optimized by orthogonal design (L-16 4(5)). XRD and TEM results confirmed that CdS was loaded on fibrous sepiolite, forming a composite that facilitated charge separation. The prepared catalyst could not only enhance the visible light absorption, but also reduce the charge transfer resistance. The CdS@SEP achieved >97% Rhodamine B removal via synergistic adsorption-photocatalysis, with the adsorption process following pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich model, and the photocatalytic degradation process following pseudo-first-order kinetics. The CdS@SEP catalyst exhibited excellent pH stability (3-9) and maintained 86.22% of its photocatalytic activity after five cycles. Additionally, the Cd2+ leaching analysis demonstrated the environmental safety of the catalyst. TOC analysis and seed germination test jointly indicated the reduction of contaminant toxicity. Trapping and ESR results identified holes (h(+)), superoxide radical anions (& centerdot;O-2(-)), singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) as the primary active substances. Band edge analysis (ECB = -0.59 V, EVB = +1.69 V) thermodynamically supported the generation of & centerdot;O-2(-)/O-1(2) over hydroxyl radical (& centerdot;OH). This work offers a low-energy strategy for designing clay-based heterostructured photocatalysts with selective ROS for wastewater remediation.
In this work, double perovskite La2CaSnO6 (LCSO) doped with Bi3+, Bi3+/Eu3+, and Bi3+/Sm3+ ions were prepared via a high-temperature solid-state method. The optical properties and temperature-dependent luminescence of studied materials were systematically investigated. The emissions of co-doped materials can be tuned by efficient energy transfer from Bi3+ to Eu3+ or Sm3+ ions through electric dipole–quadrupole interaction or dipole–dipole interaction under UV excitation. Based on the fluorescence intensity ratio technique, the materials reached a maximum relative sensitivity of 1.43% K-1 at 513 K and a minimal thermal resolution of 0.48 K in LCSO:Bi3+, Sm3+ system. Furthermore, the tunable emission colors under different excitation wavelengths enabled the construction of a high‐security information encryption system based on ASCII coding, as well as high‐contrast fingerprint imaging. Besides, the WLED device fabricated by blending LCSO:0.02Bi3+, 0.1Eu3+ phosphor with a commercial green phosphor achieved a high color rendering index (Ra) of 89.9 and a low correlated color temperature (CCT) of 4170.89 K. These results demonstrate that the as-prepared Bi3+, Eu3+/Sm3+ doped LCSO phosphors with good performance metrics have promising potential in diverse applications.
Electrochemically deposited molybdenum/polyaniline (Mo/PANI) nanocomposite thin films were prepared on ITO substrates using an aniline/camphorsulfonic acid electrolyte with Mo nanoparticle loadings of 20, 25, and 30 wt%. The films formed uniform coatings with an average thickness of approximately 500 nm. XRF, FTIR, AFM/SEM, and XRD analyses confirmed successful Mo incorporation, preservation of the characteristic PANI structure, and composition-dependent changes in surface morphology and microstructural order. WilliamsonHall analysis showed that Mo addition increased the coherent domain size from 63 nm for pristine PANI to 91-117 nm for the nanocomposites, while the microstrain decreased markedly at higher Mo loading. Optical measurements revealed strong composition-dependent absorption enhancement and a pronounced red shift of the absorption edge. The optical band gap decreased from 2.49 eV for pristine PANI to .30, 2.03, and 1.22 eV for Mo/PANI films containing 20, 25, and 30 wt% Mo, respectively. The Urbach energy increased at intermediate loadings, indicating enhanced localized-state formation and Mo-induced band-tail broadening. Dispersion and dielectric analyses based on the Wemple-DiDomenico and Spitzer-Fan models further showed that Mo incorporation strongly modifies the refractive index, dielectric response, oscillator parameters, and free-carrier contribution. The third-order nonlinear optical response was maximized at 25 wt% Mo, with chi 3 approximate to 3.4 & times; 10-5 esu and n2 approximate to 1.2 & times; 10-3 esu, whereas excessive Mo loading reduced the effective nonlinear response. These results demonstrate that Mo/PANI nanocomposite thin films provide a composition-tunable platform for optical absorption control, dielectric modulation, and nonlinear photonic applications.
Radical photo-crosslinking is a widely used strategy for the fabrication of polymer networks, as it enables efficient and spatially-controllable formation of chemically-crosslinked architectures. The performance of photo-crosslinked networks is strongly governed by the efficiency and uniformity of the crosslinking process. Despite its widespread use, only limited theoretical frameworks are available to describe the radical photo-crosslinking process in semi-crystalline polymer networks in a unified and predictive manner. In this work, we propose a framework to describe light-induced radical crosslinking in semi-crystalline polymer networks. The model combines a three-dimensional formulation of the Beer-Lambert law for radiative transfer with mass balance equations governing photo-initiator activation, radical generation, and crosslinking reactions. Reaction kinetics are described through the law of mass action, finally enabling a quantitative prediction of network evolution as a function of processing parameters. The framework is validated on poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-based networks, which are widely employed as shape memory polymers. An experimental campaign is conducted in which light intensity, exposure time, and processing temperature are systematically varied. Model predictions are compared against experimentally measured indicators of crosslinking efficiency, demonstrating the capability of the framework to capture the influence of photo-crosslinking conditions on network formation. The proposed approach provides a novel theoretical tool to rationalize and optimize radical photocrosslinking in semi-crystalline polymer networks and establishes a foundation for future coupling with thermomechanical and shape memory constitutive models, with implications for the design of high-performance polymer systems.
The shuttle effect caused by the dissolution and migration of lithium polysulfides severely limits the cycling stability of lithium-sulfur batteries. Developing sulfur host materials with strong anchoring capability, favorable catalytic activity, and good electrical conductivity is therefore essential. Herein, a 2D-FeS2/Ti3C2O2 heterostructure was designed and systematically investigated by first-principles calculations. The results show that the heterostructure forms a stable van der Waals interface with good thermal stability. Owing to the work-function difference between FeS2 and Ti3C2O2, interfacial charge redistribution occurs after heterostructure formation, while the system retains metallic character, which is beneficial for rapid electron transport. Both sides of the heterostructure exhibit strong adsorption toward S8/Li2Sn (n = 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8), with adsorption energies ranging from -0.76 to -4.64 eV, and the Ti3C2O2 side shows generally stronger anchoring toward lithium polysulfides. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that Li2S4* -> Li2S2* is the largest uphill step in the sulfur reduction reaction, with free-energy increases of 0.66 eV on the Ti3C2O2 side and 0.84 eV on the FeS2 side. In addition, the Li+ diffusion barriers on the FeS2 and Ti3C2O2 sides are 0.16 and 0.24 eV, respectively, while the corresponding Li2S decomposition barriers are 0.23 and 0.61 eV. These results demonstrate that the 2D-FeS2/ Ti3C2O2 heterostructure integrates strong polysulfide anchoring, favorable sulfur-conversion thermodynamics, and accelerated interfacial reaction kinetics, highlighting its promise as a sulfur host for lithium-sulfur batteries.
Highly transparent In-doped ZnO (In:ZnO) conducting oxide thin films were fabricated by spray deposition, achieving an average optical transmittance of similar to 93% (including the glass substrate) in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The photoconductive characteristics of 1.0at% In thin film metal-semiconducting-metal (MSM) based UV detectors exhibited a 13-fold enhancement compared to undoped, at a bias of 5 V. Additionally, the devices display the relatively high sensitivity of 6.264 mu AW(-1) with faster rise times of 19.43 s. However, the limited recovery associated with persistent photoconductivity in the metastable state of the conduction band is attributed to defect-related trapping states. In complement to these results, interestingly, the 1.0at% In-doped sensor shows a high ethanol sensing response of similar to 92% to low-level 25 ppm with a rapid response time of 13.2 s at 300(degrees) C. In contrast, the undoped and the higher-doped (1.5-2.0 at.% In) sensors showed responses of similar to 55%, similar to 63%, and similar to 51% toward 100 ppm ethanol, respectively, at the same temperature. The performance decline at higher doping concentration emphasizes the importance of precise Indium incorporation in tuning film morphology and optoelectronic conductivity. This combination of high optical transparency, enhanced UV photodetection, and efficient ethanol sensing underscores In-doped ZnO thin films as a low-cost, promising multifunctional platform for transparent optoelectronic and gas sensing in next-generation invisible electronics applications.
Aluminum-doped ZnO nanopowders were synthesized via a sol-gel method at Al/Zn atomic ratios of 0, 0.02, and 0.04. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the materials were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Structural analysis confirmed that both pure and Al-doped ZnO samples crystallize in the hexagonal wurtzite structure, with no detectable secondary phases. Slight lattice distortions and variations in crystallite size were observed as the Al concentration increased. Thick-film chemoresistive sensors were fabricated by depositing the synthesized nanopowders onto alumina substrates with interdigitated platinum electrodes. The sensor based on ZnO:Al-2% exhibited the best performance, with the highest response and faster response-recovery dynamics at an operating temperature of 250 degrees C. The improved sensing behavior is attributed to increased charge-carrier concentration and to oxygen vacancies formed by Al doping. These results demonstrate that moderate aluminum incorporation significantly improves the CO2 sensing performance of ZnO nanoparticles under controlled dry conditions, highlighting their potential as low-cost CO2-sensitive materials for preliminary environmental monitoring and smart agriculture applications. However, further selectivity and humidity-dependent tests are required to assess their performance under real operating conditions.
Nitrate contamination of aquatic systems poses significant ecological and human health risks, necessitating efficient removal methods. This research examines the preparation and application of mesoporous zirconium pyrophosphate (MZPP) as an effective adsorbent for removing nitrate from liquid-phase systems. The MZPP adsorbent was prepared via templating to achieve a high surface area and a homogeneous porous framework, thereby facilitating nitrate adsorption. The structural integrity and mesoscale porosity of the material were characterized using XRD, SEM, FTIR, TEM, and BET. To evaluate the efficacy and capabilities of MZPP, adsorption experiments were conducted by varying the initial nitrate concentration, pH, dosage, temperature, and contact time. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the predominant mechanism, while the Langmuir isotherm accurately described the equilibrium data. Energy system analysis showed that the process is endothermic and spontaneous. Surface modelling indicated that the high removal efficiency is governed by a calculated neutral site density of 0.119 mmol/g. The synthesized MZPP adsorbent demonstrated efficacy in controlling nitrate pollution in water systems, offering a sustainable, effective solution to environmental challenges.
LiMnXFe,-XPO4 (x = 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, and 0.7) cathode materials and their glucose-derived carbon-containing composites were successfully synthesized via a solid-state method assisted by high-energy ball milling, followed by calcination at 700 degrees C. The thermal behavior was investigated using TGA-DTA-DSC analysis, revealing that crystallization of the olivine phase initiates at approximately 362.85 degrees C. XRD confirmed the formation of a singlephase orthorhombic olivine structure (Pnma), with a systematic decrease in lattice parameters upon Fe substitution due to ionic radius differences. FESEM analysis showed that Fe incorporation significantly reduces particle size and improves homogeneity, while FTIR spectra verified the stability of the phosphate framework. Electrical characterization revealed that glucose-derived carbon significantly reduces impedance and enhances conductivity, whereas increasing Fe content increases impedance and reduces the dielectric constant. Temperaturedependent conductivity measurements exhibited semiconducting behavior with a negative temperature coefficient. Arrhenius analysis demonstrated two distinct conduction regions, indicating the coexistence of multiple transport mechanisms. The high-temperature region is dominated by thermally activated small-polaron hopping, while the low-temperature region is governed by grain boundary effects. The activation energy ranges from 0.028 to 0.105 eV for pristine samples and decreases significantly after carbon addition, indicating improved charge transport via a conductive carbon network. The results provide insight into charge transport mechanisms in olivine cathodes for energy storage applications.
A flexible triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was developed using a poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/CdFe2O4 polymer nanocomposite for mechanical energy harvesting and sensing. CdFe2O4 nanoparticles with non-uniform particle sizes were synthesized via a combustion method and incorporated into the PBAT matrix at different weight percentages (4.76, 9.09, 13.04, 16.66, and 20 wt%) by solvent casting. Incorporating CdFe2O4 improved PBATs material properties, thereby enhancing its triboelectric performance. The optimized PBAT-based TENG (13.04 wt% CdFe2O4) exhibited an output voltage of 39 V, a current of 3.9 & micro;A, and a maximum power density of 18.15 & micro;W/m2 (60 M Omega). The device charged 2.2 & micro;F and 4.7 & micro;F capacitors to 0.29 V and 0.25 V, respectively, within 40 s and successfully powered LEDs and a digital stopwatch without an external power source. Furthermore, the device showed stable, repeatable responses under periodic mechanical stimuli, enabling its use as a self-powered touch sensor. Compared with other CdFe2O4 loadings, the 13.04 wt% nano-composite film exhibited the highest tensile strength of 10.03 MPa. Wettability analysis showed a contact angle of 73 degrees, indicating suitable surface properties for flexible device applications. This study demonstrates a PBAT/ CdFe2O4 nanocomposite-based TENG with dual functionality in energy harvesting and sensing, highlighting the role of ferrite nanofillers in enhancing triboelectric performance.
The development of electrospun nanofiber-based flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with capability to convert ambient mechanical stimuli into usable electrical energy have garnered significant interest. Here, a novel strategy for fabricating flexible PENGs was introduced by incorporating a hybrid MXene/metal-organic framework (MXOF) composite into an electrospun PVDF nanofibrous membrane at varying concentration from 1 to 5 wt%. The resulting nanofibrous membranes exhibited uniform, bead-free fibers with diameters ranging from 134 to 261 nm. The MXOF nanoparticles acted as a highly effective nucleating agent, enhancing the electroactive beta-phase fraction within the PVDF matrix by similar to 10%. This elevated beta-phase fraction yielded a significant improvement in piezoelectric output without compromising flexibility, as evidenced by the maximum peak-to-peak voltage of 6.81 V under 2.5 N force for PVDF/MXOF-1 specimen. A PENG with 1 wt% MXOF loading was found to be optimal resulted in a similar to 240% enhancement of the piezoelectric response compared to pristine PVDF nanofibers. Further increases in MXOF concentration led to a decline in piezoelectric performance, presumably due to agglomeration and dipole misalignment. Practical utility of developed PENGs was demonstrated by monitoring human motion, generating maximum outputs voltage of 9.31 V from walking, and 25.46 V from a heel strike. The flexible PENG device also showed excellent long-term stability. These findings demonstrate that MXOF-integration is an effective strategy for enhancing PVDF-based PENGs, proving their potential use in flexible energy harvesting applications.
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) suffers from limited adsorption capacity and severe photogenerated carrier recombination, hindering its practical application for dye wastewater remediation. Herein, we demonstrate a facile hydrothermal strategy to construct a potassium cyanate-modified g-C3N4 composite (KCNO/g-C3N4-5) that simultaneously incorporates K+ ions into the interlayers and grafts OCN- functional groups onto the surface. This dual-modulation approach effectively optimizes the pore structure, enhances surface polarity, and suppresses charge recombination, as revealed by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis DRS, XPS, and electrochemical impedance analysis. Under UV-visible light irradiation, the optimized KCNO/g-C3N4-5 achieves 100% removal of methyl orange (MO) and 93.4% removal of methylene blue (MB) within 30 min, with degradation kinetics following a pseudo-first-order model. The synergistic effect originates from K+-mediated interlayer charge transport and OCN--enhanced dye adsorption, which collectively promote the generation of & centerdot;OH and & centerdot;O-2(-) radicals. After five consecutive cycles, the composite retains >84% activity, confirming its stability. This work provides a generalizable "intercalation-functionalization" strategy to engineer efficient, recyclable carbon-nitride photocatalysts for dye-polluted water treatment.
Magnetorheological fluid (MRF), as typical intelligent colloidal suspensions, face significant limitations in practical applications due to particle sedimentation and performance degradation at elevated temperatures. This paper presents a high-performance, high-temperature stable MRF developed through a strategy combining micro-nano composites and multi-component interfacial synergistic engineering. Based on the analysis of hightemperature failure mechanisms and sedimentation inhibition, the soft magnetic particles, base carrier liquid, and additives were systematically screened. The key innovation lies in the construction of a dual-dispersed particle system composed of micron-sized carbonyl iron powder (CIP) and nano-Fe3O4, which enhances packing density through nanoparticle filling. The optimal surfactant combination was determined via orthogonal experiments. SEM observations directly revealed a composite microstructure in which nanoparticles fill the interstices between micron-sized particles. The prepared MRF exhibits a sedimentation rate of only 2.5% after 7 days, a zero-field viscosity of approximately 7 Pa & sdot;s. Under 1000 mT magnetic field at room temperature, the shear stress and shear yield stress reached 68.71 kPa and 36.85 kPa, respectively. Even after exposure to 120 degrees C, the MRF maintains a shear stress of 52.16 kPa under a magnetic field intensity of 489 mT, demonstrating an extended temperature application range and enhanced thermal stability compared to commercial products.
The chlor-alkali process is a vital industrial route for the production of chlorine (Cl2), hydrogen (H2), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). However, conventional ion-exchange membrane-based technologies face challenges related to high cost, limited durability, and susceptibility to fouling and degradation under harsh operating conditions. Here, we report a zirconium dioxide-polysulfone (ZrO2-PSU) composite membrane reactor that enables simultaneous and efficient Cl2 and H2/NaOH production via chlor-alkali electrolysis. The composite membrane, fabricated via phase inversion tape casting, integrates ZrO2 nanoparticles into a porous PSU matrix, achieving a well-defined asymmetric structure with a dense top layer and a finger-like porous bottom layer. The optimized composite membrane (Z-PSU-70) exhibits lowest area resistance, enhanced hydrophilicity, and effective gas barrier properties. In an H-type electrolysis cell using a nickel mesh cathode and a RuO2@carbon paper anode, the reactor delivers stable cell voltages and high Faradaic efficiencies (>96% for H2 and >98% for Cl2) with minimal gas crossover. Furthermore, a zero-gap flow cell configuration achieves a low cell voltage of approximately 3.33 V at 100 mA cm-2, with stable performance over 20 hours. Post-electrolysis characterizations confirm the structural and chemical stability of both the membrane and electrodes. This work presents a cost-effective and high-performance membrane reactor design, offering a promising pathway toward more sustainable and efficient chlor-alkali electrolysis.
Lead-free Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-BaTiO3 (NBT-BT) ceramics are promising functional materials, but their practical application is limited by insufficient dielectric temperature stability and large electromechanical hysteresis. In this work, NBT-BT ceramics modified with charge-balanced (Y0.5Sb0.5)(4+) (YS) complex ions were prepared to investigate the effect of compositional disorder on structural and electrical properties. X-ray diffraction and Raman analysis confirmed retention of the rhombohedral perovskite structure with increasing local structural disorder upon YS incorporation. Dielectric measurements revealed progressive broadening of the temperature-stable dielectric region, with the 2 mol% YS-modified composition exhibiting a wide stability window (Delta T = 328 degrees C), high permittivity (similar to 3295 at 150 degrees C), and low dielectric loss (tan delta < 0.019). Ferroelectric and electromechanical characterization showed a transition from conventional ferroelectric-like behavior toward slimmer hysteresis and more reversible strain response, consistent with enhanced relaxor-like characteristics. These results indicate that YS complex-ion modification represents a viable compositional design approach for improving the thermal dielectric and electromechanical stability of lead-free NBT-BT ceramics.
Achieving effective dielectric coupling across non-ideal, compliant interfaces remains a significant challenge in soft capacitive electronics, where surface roughness, mechanical mismatch, and parasitic air gaps can substantially reduce capacitance. Here, we report a supramolecular ADH-HEDP solid formed via thermal aqueous co-assembly of adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) and 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) at a 1: 1 M ratio. Following solvent removal, the material forms a dense, clay-like, and conformable solid that can be readily processed as an interfacial layer. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, supported by solution-state P-31 NMR, confirm the formation of a noncovalent supramolecular network driven by strong intermolecular interactions between hydrazide and phosphonic acid functionalities. Broadband impedance spectroscopy reveals a frequency-dependent electrical response characterized by electrode polarization and proton-mediated charge transport at low frequencies, a well-defined bulk resistance corresponding to a conductivity of similar to 4 & times; 10(-6) S cm(-1), and a transition to dielectric-dominated behavior at higher frequencies, where the intrinsic relative permittivity approaches similar to 9.4. The material further exhibits a thermal conductivity of 0.426 W m(-1) K-1 and a strain-adaptive compressive response, showing initial compliance followed by pronounced strain-stiffening at higher deformation, enabling effective conformal contact under load. In a proof-of-concept parallel-plate capacitor configuration, replacing an air gap with the ADH-HEDP interlayer increases capacitance from 3.36 to 11.37 pF at 100 kHz under fixed electrode spacing, demonstrating enhanced capacitive coupling. These results establish ADH-HEDP supramolecular solids as a promising platform for compliant dielectric interface engineering, combining moderate ionic conductivity, dielectric functionality, and mechanical adaptability for soft electronic applications.
Flexible PVA/PANI-based nanocomposite films incorporating graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and halloysite nanotubes (HNT) were fabricated for electromagnetic interference shielding applications. The films were fabricated using solution casting technique. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) confirmed molecular interactions and crystalline features of the hybrid matrix, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed uniform dispersion of rod-like HNT and sheet-like GNP. Electrical analysis in the X-band (8.2-12.4 GHz) showed enhanced AC conductivity and dielectric performance with increasing filler content, with the greater GNP loading exhibiting the highest conductivity. The total shielding effectiveness is similar to 35-38 dB for the fabricated polymer nanocomposites PVA/PANI/4wt%HNT@12wt%GNP indicating better shielding capabilities having skin depth of similar to 2.3 & times; 10(-8) m. The findings suggest that synergistic incorporation of conductive and dielectric nanofillers enables lightweight, thermally stable, and high-performance films suitable for wearable and portable EMI shielding applications.
