This study examines the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the SELSA-S across sex and age in adults. The participants included 621 Peruvian adults with a mean age of 34 years (SD = 13.5) who completed the 15-item SELSA-S. Four models previously reported in the literature were examined via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Measurement invariance across sex and age was tested through multigroup CFA, whereas reliability was assessed via alpha, omega, and composite reliability coefficients. The results showed that the 12-item model had the best overall fit and factor stability in this sample (CFI = .974; TLI = .966; SRMR = .045). Measurement invariance across sex and age was supported, with negligible changes in model fit (Delta < .001). Reliability estimates for the 12-item model were optimal (omega, alpha, and rho c > .80). These findings support the use of the SELSA-S-12 as a reliable instrument for assessing loneliness in adults.
Objective: Although burnout may begin to occur early in counselor development, no instrument exists measuring burnout among counselors in training (CITs). Thus, we developed an instrument measuring burnout among CITs. Method: We developed the Counselor in Training Burnout Inventory, a measure of burnout among CITs rooted in three prominent models of counselor burnout. We used expert content reviews and a pilot study (N = 50) to refine items, then conducted exploratory factor analysis in a primary data collection (N = 215). Results: The resulting instrument has 18 items and four factors: Work-Life Balance, Therapeutic Efficacy, Institutional Challenges, and Occupational Thriving. Factor loadings were statistically significant, and reliability and validity assessments supported the construct structure. Conclusions: The proposed instrument serves as a tentative tool for further research in assessing and preventing burnout among CITs.
Depression among university students is a growing concern, yet most studies rely on a single assessment tool. This study compared two depression screening scales, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-10 (CES-D10), to evaluate depression among undergraduates in Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 620 students participated in the survey. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests, binary regression, and Spearman's rank-order correlation. Chi-square analysis identified discipline and residence as significant predictors of depression on the PHQ-9, whereas no significant predictors were detected using the CES-D10. The two scales showed a strong positive correlation. Higher depression scores were associated with lower cumulative grade point average (CGPA). Binary regression further identified CGPA and faculty as significant predictors of depression on the PHQ-9. The findings indicate that mild-to-moderate depression is common among undergraduate students, and PHQ-9 may be more sensitive than CES-D10 in detecting relevant demographic and academic risk factors.
Psychometric properties were explored for scores on the Trauma Symptom Inventory-Second Edition (TSI-2), a commonly used self-report instrument for identifying trauma symptoms and severity. A total of 27 studies meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed and analyzed for relevant psychometric characteristics. The total score grand internal consistency coefficient was .92 (95% CI [.85, .99]), and subscale internal consistencies ranged from .75 to .94. A four-factor structure had the most support, although more structure validity assessments with large samples are needed. The TSI-2 total score was correlated with convergent criteria measures r > .50, generally meeting the commonly cited threshold for convergent validity of scores. Few diagnostic validity studies were located, but those identified about 75% of participants with clinically significant trauma. Overall, the TSI-2 subscales had mostly adequate psychometric evidence supporting its use as a screening-level instrument. Implications for counseling practice as well as research settings were discussed.
