Nanoparticle (NP) integrated film-forming sprays (NP-FFS) epitomizes a novel advanced approach in the administration of topical and transdermal medications, addressing prevalent issues of conventional formulations like insufficient drug absorption, dosage variability, and poor patient compliance. These systems synergize the convenience and flexibility of FFS with the multifarious benefits of NPs, including enhanced bioavailability, targeted and sustained drug release, and improved drug stability. The film-forming matrix facilitates strong adherence and intimate contact to bio-membranes and ensures even drug distribution, while the added NPs allow for deeper skin penetration and a more controlled drug release. This review examines the mechanistic aspects, formulation advances in NP-FFS and outlines the contribution of their components, especially the inclusion of small NPs. Their versatility is reflected in their applications in treating infections, managing common wounds and skin conditions, and assisting in localised cancer treatments. This review is a critical assessment of the strategies of formulations, mechanistic phenomena of film formation and NP integration, approaches of analytical characterization, and ex-vivo and in-vivo studies pertaining to the delivery system. The particular attention is given to principles QbD in formulations design, therapeutic and translational issues that could impact clinical progress. The review discusses the challenges in such systems pertaining to formulation, including concerns pertaining to compatibility, long-term dermal safety evaluation, commercial manufacturing, and the lack of harmonized regulatory guidelines for topical nanomedicines.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being explored in tissue engineering as a data-driven tool for linking biomaterial composition, scaffold architecture, fabrication parameters, and biological responses. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches have been applied to predict scaffold properties such as mechanical behavior, porosity, and degradation, and to support biomaterial selection and optimization of biofabrication parameters, including extrusion pressure, printing speed, and material formulation. AI-assisted imaging and sensing can also support in-line monitoring of printing quality and provide a basis for emerging feedback-enabled and adaptive biofabrication strategies. Beyond fabrication, data-driven and hybrid computational models are being investigated for analysis of cell–material interactions and tissue microenvironments, including spatial, mechanical, and transport-related phenomena. AI-assisted approaches have also been applied to nanocarrier formulation and drug-release prediction, where physicochemical and environmental variables can be integrated to support formulation design and forecast release behavior. Emerging digital-twin frameworks extend these concepts by combining patient-specific imaging, computational modeling, and AI-assisted design to support individualized scaffold development. However, most current applications remain computational, retrospective, in vitro, or preclinical, and high predictive performance does not necessarily indicate translational readiness. Limited and heterogeneous datasets, insufficient external validation, fabrication constraints, bioink rheology, crosslinking variability, cell viability, model interpretability, and regulatory requirements continue to limit reproducibility and clinical translation. This review therefore provides a pragmatic, application-oriented assessment of AI in tissue engineering, emphasizing demonstrated capabilities, current validation levels, and the remaining gap between computational prediction and reproducible, clinically relevant biofabrication.
The understanding of the incorporation of rare-earth elements in hydroxyapatite has not yet been comprehensively studied. In this work, hydroxyapatite (HAp) and terbium-doped (1%) hydroxyapatite (THAp) are prepared by a wet chemical route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals the semicrystalline nature of THAp than that of HAp. There is a contraction of the P-O bonding on THAp. Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) shows a nanosphere, nanorod, and nanoplate morphology of the samples. Photoluminescence (PL) of the incorporated sample exhibits a prominent green emission. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) reveals an increase in the charge state of Ca in THAp compared to HAp. The Fermi level of HAp and THAp is 8.25 eV and 11.07 eV, respectively. Projected density of states reveals that the Ca 4p states are dominant in the conduction band. Furthermore, the Ca 4p states hybridize well with the P 2p/O 2p states in THAp. These experimental and theoretical results disclose that the terbium-doped hydroxyapatite is a potential candidate for the development of rare-earth-based calcium phosphate for an optoelectronic device application.
Cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe QDs) are among the most promising quantum-confined nanomaterials for next-generation optoelectronic technologies due to their tunable electronic structure, high photoluminescence efficiency, and versatile interface chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on the interplay between charge dynamics and adaptive interface engineering in CdSe QDs, highlighting their critical roles in the development of advanced quantum light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) and multifunctional photonic systems. Fundamental relationships among crystal structure, excitonic states, surface chemistry, and compositional engineering are examined to elucidate their influence on carrier injection, transport, recombination, and operational stability. Charge transport mechanisms in quantum-dot assemblies, including inter-dot coupling, hopping conduction, energetic disorder, and trap-mediated processes, are discussed within the framework of collective electronic behavior. Recent advances in ligand engineering, core/shell architectures, doping strategies, and interface regulation are analyzed as key approaches for improving device efficiency and durability. Beyond conventional light-emitting applications, emerging opportunities in adaptive photonics, photocatalysis, and intelligent optoelectronic systems are explored. Current challenges associated with stability, sustainability, and scalable manufacturing are also addressed. By integrating structure–property–performance relationships with future-oriented materials design concepts, this review outlines strategic directions for the realization of efficient, robust, and adaptive CdSe-based quantum optoelectronic technologies.
The primary objective of the present venture is to fabricate food-grade phospholipid-stabilized oil-in-water nanoemulsion for the encapsulation of lignan-rich sesame oil. A large number of high-energy, high-cost instruments are available on the market; however, a combination of high-speed homogenization and the solvent evaporation method was successfully applied in this study to overcome the significant economic burden imposed by high-energy approaches. Furthermore, the challenge remained in circumventing synthetic surfactants and incorporating phospholipids as emulsifiers in the present work. The three nanoemulsion formulations, NEA, NEB, and NEC, were successfully fabricated using phospholipid and Tween 20 in 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 ratios, respectively. The formulations were found to possess nano-droplet sizes, narrow polydispersity indices, and sufficient physical stability against creaming and phase separation. Phospholipid was shown to provide a thickened viscoelastic layer around the droplet, a highly negative surface potential and a favourable packing parameter. Engaging Tween 20 in adequate amounts was found to impart a steric-repulsive barrier to these phospholipid-stabilized formulations, which might help maintain stability across a wide range of pH and ionic strength. The physical stability against environmental stressors was highest in NEC owing to the substantial presence of Tween 20. On the contrary, NEA offered maximum protection against lipid peroxidation owing to the inherent antioxidant properties of phospholipids. Lipolysis in a simulated gastrointestinal environment was higher in the NEA formulation, indicating how interfacial composition alters enzyme kinetics under dynamic conditions. In this endeavour, selecting emulsifiers at the interface provides a platform that modulates physical and oxidative stability, as well as the in vitro digestion profile. The insights gained from this study yielded promising outcomes in the frontier area of nanodelivery.
