The study of the peculiarities of administrative management in the 19th and early 20th centuries for the Kalmyk steppe and the Kyrgyz Inner Horde in Russian historiography was carried out, as a rule, separately, which is explained by the differences between Kalmyks and Kazakhs by origin and religion. At the same time, they were united by living within the same Russian province, Astrakhan, and a nomadic lifestyle. Accordingly, the tasks of the imperial government to introduce the nomads to a sedentary lifestyle and, in general, to integrate them into the all-Russian legal field were seen as the same. This raises the research problem of studying the management practices of these peoples, finding common features and differences. The purpose of the article is to analyze the administrative management models of these entities from the perspective of a comparative approach in the context of the general evolution of public administration in relation to the national outskirts of the south-east of the Russian Empire. The use of an institutional approach makes it possible to analyze administrative management models and determine the stages of the historical development of state and public institutions, the power institutions of the Kalmyk Steppe and the Kyrgyz Inner Horde in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Such forms as viceroyalty, bailiffship, and guardianship are considered as models. Three management models can be traced in relation to these ethnopolitical formations: viceroyalty, bailiffship and guardianship. Among the Astrakhan Kalmyks, these models are replaced one after another; among the Kazakhs of the Inner Horde, in the first half of the 19th century, they were used along with one another, as if forming simultaneously. In fact, this was one model of guardianship, which was implemented first by appointing a governor or bailiff, then completely transferred to the Ministry of State Property, then Internal Affairs with an appropriate management structure. At the grassroots and middle management levels, the ulus (Golden Horde, Mongolian) management system was used, taking into account the tribal structure of nomadic societies. It was only at the beginning of the 20th century that the transition to the all-Russian management model began, implying the introduction of the Zemstvo, which was never completed.
This article is the first to examine Chinese geopolitical educational policy, taking into account international experience in training specialists in the field of international communication, based on a comparison and comparison of successful approaches used in the United States, Great Britain and other countries of Europe and North America in such areas as the development of training courses, interdisciplinary integration, the development of linguistic and linguistic skills, historical-cultural experience, ethno-sociocultural psychology, diplomatic discourse, etc. The authors elaborate on the history of the formation of international communication. For the first time, an opinion is expressed on the priority of the emergence of international communication in Ancient China based on convincing historical facts with proven reliability. These data allow us to interpret the periodization of international communication in the academic space in a different way. Special attention is paid to international educational policy at universities in the UK, USA and Canada, whose experience has become a priority in developing their own geopolitical strategy in the field of international communication in China. For the first time, a distinction is made between the concepts of "intercultural communication" and "international communication". At the same time, it is shown for the first time that these and other models represent a kind of Western unified matrix that does not take into account the ethno-sociocultural characteristics of other countries, which creates significant obstacles to successful implementation in China. The authors consistently demonstrate the steps that indicate the Chinese specifics of understanding and implementing international communication. The Chinese model of international communication is presented for the first time to the academic community. The results show the need to take into account the chronotope of training specialists in the field of international communication at Chinese universities and the specifics of the mentality. For the first time, such problems as the imperfection of curricula, insufficient interdisciplinary coordination and the weakness of practical components are highlighted. The discovery of these and other gaps contributed to the development of China's own geopolitical policy in the field of international communication based on a competence model that corresponds to China's national characteristics and the requirements of the international communication strategy of modern times, optimizing the structure of training courses, strengthening interdisciplinary interaction, improving practical training and developing multi-valued language skills.
Drawing on a wide range of archival documents, this article examines for the first time in Russian historiography the collective memory of peasants of the "revolutionary turning point" generation, allowing for a deeper understanding of the role of the peasant movement of the early 20th century, its participants, and their revolutionary identities. Particular attention is paid to the perception of revolutionary ideas, the role of rural teachers and family ties in their dissemination, and the participation of peasants in revolutionary actions, such as the distribution of illegal literature, agitation, participation in mass protest movements, and other resistance practices, including violent ones. An important part of the study is identifying the motives for involvement in the revolutionary movement, including personal convictions, a desire for change, resistance to the established order, and a search for new ideas. It also examines the influence of revolutionary ideas emanating from the city on the village. This is the first time this research has been considered in the context of their internal perception and the transformation of the local social environment. For the first time in Russian historiography, this article analyzes the specifics of how revolutionary practices in the village are reflected in the collective memory of this generation, including the particular methods of struggle conditioned by the specifics of the agrarian context and the specific spatial context. The study focuses on how revolutionary ideas shaped the personal narratives, worldview, and behavioral patterns of the movement's participants. It concludes that the events of the first Russian revolution played a key role in radicalizing the consciousness of a significant portion of rural youth, shaping a new worldview and views that differed significantly from the traditionalism of older generations in the Russian village. The authors conclude that the collective memory of the generation studied reflects internal experiences, motivations for struggle, and personal ideas associated with revolutionary practices, emphasizing the role of the revolution as a source of personal challenges, ideas, and active participation in change that contributed to the formation of their social identity.
The article examines the Syrian War (1839-1841), in which Great Britain intervened, as well as the Ottoman Empire and Austria. The aggression of the countries of the world and the naval conflicts in Syria determine the relevance of their study, considering them in the context of international relations, as well as the continuity of the foreign policy of Britain, Turkey and European countries. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of the British naval expedition to Syria, its scientific and commercial goals, and joint actions with the Ottoman Empire and Austria against the background of the expansion of Chinese ports. Special attention is paid to the reports of British doctors, the Royal Geographical Society, and the use of mercenaries, reflecting the commercial interests of the warring parties in Syria. The study is based on documents from the Parliament, British diplomats and doctors, participants in the war, and international conventions. Based on historical-genetic and comparative research methods, it has been proved that the war in Syria was coordinated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Parliament, as well as doctors and the Royal Geographical Society of Britain. The "Little War" was accompanied by research by British doctors and geographers, which was of a military-intelligence, commercial and political nature.
The film epic "Liberation" is one of the most significant and outstanding films about the Great Patriotic War created in the Soviet Cinema. For the first time in history, the cinematographers showed the events from the Battle of Kursk to the capture of Berlin, from 1943 to 1945, on a fairly full scale and with a huge scope. The significance of the film epic was understood by the vast majority of contemporaries. Veterans of the Great Patriotic War and military leaders paid special attention to the film. The special interest of government agencies in the sphere of culture was connected with a fair assessment of the cinematographers' activity. In the article, based on previously unknown documents of the Committee for Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR, the author demonstrates the course of discussions and deliberations related to the nomination of candidates for the Lenin Prize of the USSR for the film "Liberation" directed by Yuri Ozerov. The proposed documentary materials show what was the range of candidates, what guided the participants of the discussions when approving or rejecting these or those candidates. Fragments of transcripts kept in the archive of the Mosfilm Stidios and the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art are introduced for the first time. They allow us to understand the attitude of creative workers of the authorities to the film "Liberation". The sources show that the circle of candidates for the prize was much wider, revealing the motives that guided the participants in the discussion in limiting it. The author concludes that the attitude towards the authors of the film epic was complex and am- biguous, despite the general official recognition of the importance of the film in society after its premiere.
