There has been an escalating incidence of obesity along with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as well as other co-morbidities so much so that the term diabesity had to be coined for this worldwide epidemic. Different attempts have been done to unravel the etiology of this ever-escalating problem, however, there has been a failure to control it. All the newer combinations like Qsymia (topiramate, phentermine), Contrive (naltrexone: bupropion), liraglutide, etc., have been unsuccessful with either cost prohibitions or side effects/contraindications. Thus, attention had shifted to dietary therapies like high protein diet, the mediterranean diet (MD), and Probiotic therapy. However, none has ensured the sustenance of weight reduction. In 2018, we reviewed how the very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) might be successful not only in obesity therapy but also in correlated endocrine dysfunction. Recently, there has been a lot of resurgence of the use of VLCKD. The authors performed an extensive search on various platforms like PubMed; Google scholar; Web of Science; Embase; Cochrane review library utilizing the MeSH terms; “Obesity/Overweight”; “Various diets MD”; “VLCKD to assess the efficacy of which diet is better” from 1995 till date. Nevertheless, it has been seen that the efficacy of this is not seen uniformly. Thus, the group of Muscogiuri G recently observed that compliance with MD acts in the form of the anticipation of the effectiveness of VLCKD, thus the role of MD in obesity persists because of anti-inflammatory along with antioxidant actions of MD that ensures good ketosis generation.
Systematic Review | Volume 6 | Number 1| 1 Copyright 2019 by Kaur KK. This is an open-access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which allows to copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and reproduce in any medium or format, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited. cc Article information Received: February 2nd, 2019; Revised: March 13th, 2019; Accepted: March 14th, 2019; Published: March 22nd, 2019 Kulvinder Kochar Kaur, MD1*; Gautam Allahbadia, MD, DNB2; Mandeep Singh, MD, DM3
1Southern Illinois University Nutrition Department, Carbondale, IL, USA; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA (Former Affiliation Universities where part of the USDA/NIFA funded work on sensory nutrition education with exotic fruits and vegetables, was completed) 2Department of Computer Science, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA; Kronsys Inc, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA *Corresponding author Srimathi Kannan, PhD (Former Assistant Professor) Department of Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA Tel. (413) 230-6847 Fax: 4132306847 E-mail: srimathik@gmail.com
Introduction: N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is implicated in myristoylation, required for biological activities of several proteins.Its gene N-myristoyltransferase 1 (NMT1) has been found to be overexpressed and hypermethylated in Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) of severely obese individuals with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS+) versus without (MetS-).Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the associations between NMT1 gene polymorphisms Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and metabolic complications among obese subjects.Methods: Associations between SNPs and determinants of MetS were tested with 1752 obese participants undergoing a bariatric surgery.The effect of selected SNPs on methylation, and correlation with expression levels of NMT1 were verified in subgroups.Results: Rs2239921 was significantly associated with systolic (p=0.03) and diastolic (p<0.0001)blood pressures.Rs2239923 was associated with plasma High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol or HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p=0.05), while rs2269746 was associated with Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol or LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) (p=0.006) and Total-Cholesterol (Total-C) levels (p=0.004).Rs1005136 (p=0.03),rs8066395 (p=0.03) or rs2157840 (p=0.04) were associated with plasma concentrations of C-Reactive Protein (CRP).Phenotype-associated SNPs were associated with NMT1 methylation levels of six CpG sites.NMT1 methylation levels of one CpG site, cg10755730, correlated with gene expression levels (r=0.57;p=0.04).Conclusion: These results suggest that the presence of NMT1 SNPs is associated with altered plasma lipid levels as well as with increased inflammation markers and blood pressure among severely obese patients.
