This is the second of two articles addressing a Wakhi expository text dealing with ayloq ‘summer pasture’, written by Gulbeka Pahlavonova, a Wakhi speaker from Tajikistan. In this article, the same Wakhi text is subjected to linguistic analysis and presented in the form of interlinear linguistic annotations. The discussion focuses on syntactic constructions in the text that are relevant for the study of clausal subordination.
Hedgehogs play an important cultural role among various peoples in Eurasia. They appear in myths, and are regarded as wise guides, protectors, or magical creatures. Some important biocultural domains where human–hedgehog relationships are particularly visible are food and medicine. Moreover, the animal also appears in metaphors, other linguistic expressions, and storytelling traditions. Using a wide and varied range of sources, this article analyzes the human–hedgehog relationship among different Turkic peoples. It discusses the different names for hedgehogs in various Turkic languages, the metaphorical use of hedgehogs in plant names, and the animal’s presence in riddles, proverbs, and other linguistic expressions. As exemplified in the article, the hedgehog has played an important role among the Turkic peoples, especially in medicine. The extensive materials in medical manuscripts from Eastern Turkestan are examined in detail. These show that the intestines and other body parts of hedgehogs were used to cure a number of ailments or for diverse non-medical purposes. The article demonstrates that, as with the other Eurasian peoples, the hedgehog can be considered a culturally significant species for the various Turkic peoples.
The research confirms the highly conservative character of the language of archaic poetry, regarding the influence of Akkadian. The impact of Akkadian on the language of these poems is very slight. However, the attested contact phenomena are not proportionately distributed, attesting to the linguistic heterogeneity of the corpus.
In Biblical Hebrew verbal sentences, suffixed particles and other short adverbial elements tend not to occur where the syntactic rules would lead one to expect them, but instead are located closer to the verb. This phenomenon is well known, but a number of its features have not been described in detail. Three case studies are proposed, revealing some of the dynamics involved in the placement of short adverbial elements. Analyzed through a comparative and typological framework, the Hebrew data suggest that alongside sentence syntax and discourse grammar, prosodic considerations play a role in determining word order.
