Northwestern Sichuan Province in China, characterized by its unique geography and rich ethnic culture, hosts numerous Tibetan–Qiang Traditional Villages (TTVNS) of significant conservation value. These villages exhibit pronounced macro-level spatial inequalities, making the study of their spatial differentiation and the quantification of driving mechanisms essential for implementing targeted conservation strategies. This study examines 412 TTVNS using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), accessibility-based clustering, Optimal Parameter Geographical Detector (OPGD), Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR), and Random Forest with SHAP (RF–SHAP) to identify spatial patterns and quantify the mechanisms influencing them. The results indicate that: (1) TTVNS display a “multi-core clustering with contiguous distribution” pattern, forming two northeast–southwest aggregation belts, with significant positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I = 0.175); (2) in single-factor detection, Cultivated Land (X3, q = 0.3019), Population (X19, q = 0.2510), and Road Density (X13, q = 0.2303) are the strongest explanatory factors, while the strongest interaction occurs between Temperature (X9) and Population (X19, q = 0.406), demonstrating that spatial differentiation is driven by the coupling of environmental suitability and social support rather than any single factor; (3) model comparison shows that MGWR substantially outperforms OLS and GWR, with R² increasing from 0.3049 and 0.3246 to 0.6568, confirming pronounced spatial non-stationarity in the driving mechanisms of TTVNS; (4) different categories of drivers exhibit distinct pathways: nature and geography influence aggregation through cultivated land, river systems, and temperature; location and transportation shape a “node–corridor” settlement pattern along valley corridors; humanities and religion affect clustering through the coupling of religious nodes and local social structures; society and economy reshape contemporary spatial patterns primarily via tourism development and population dynamics. These findings demonstrate that the spatial differentiation of TTVNS emerges under long-term natural constraints and religious-cultural networks, and continues to be reshaped by modern transportation and tourism development. The study provides a quantitative basis for designing differentiated and context-specific conservation strategies.
Socioeconomic status (SES) is a key determinant of health. Its relationship with health among older adults in rural China—particularly among vulnerable subgroups—remains insufficiently understood. This study examined the association between SES and multiple health dimensions among rural older adults, assessed subgroup disparities, and explored mediating pathways involving physical exercise, nutrition, and living conditions. Data was drawn from 1077 rural older adults in Shaanxi Province, including both general and vulnerable welfare-recipient groups. Health outcomes covered self-rated health (SRH), cognitive function, and depressive symptoms. Multivariable regression combined with propensity score matching was used to improve comparability between SES groups, and exploratory mediation analysis was conducted to examine potential pathways. Lower SES was associated with poorer SRH (β = 0.367, P < 0.001), poorer cognitive function (β = 1.927, P < 0.001), and more severe depressive symptoms (β = −0.471, P < 0.001). The SES-cognitive function association was stronger among the vulnerable population, whereas SES associations for SRH and depressive symptoms were larger in the general population. Living conditions accounted for the largest share of the observed SES-health association (8.3–25.1%), followed by physical exercise (3.9–9.8%) and nutrition (3.2–13.2%). The association between SES and depressive symptoms appeared stronger among those living alone (β = −0.587, P < 0.001), with no gender differences. SES is strongly associated with multiple health outcomes among rural older adults in China, with physical exercise, nutrition, and living conditions potentially contributing to these associations. Efforts to reduce the health costs of poverty in later life may benefit from comprehensive policies that improve living environments, promote healthy behaviors, and prioritize support for vulnerable groups such as welfare recipients and those living alone.
Humans assess media discourses on violent political conflicts to either endorse or oppose it. In the largest democracy, India, media significantly depicts the Left-wing extremism (LWE aka Naxalism) with a rejectionist stance to uphold national security and developmental democracy. Nevertheless, no experimental research on perceptual mechanisms regarding pro- or anti-Naxal discourse exists in social and political psychology. This study investigates how people perceive and process anti-Naxal discourse at cognitive and behavioural levels. To explore this, two priming experiments measured the response accuracy (%) and response time (msc) in context of anti- and pro-Naxal discursive stimuli. Findings indicated that anti-extremist discourses were processed with greater speed and higher accuracy than pro-extremist sentential stimuli. Participants showed strong disagreement with pro-Naxal discourses and agreement with anti-Naxal stimuli. The delayed response time for pro-Naxal discourses suggest that participants actively reject the violent ideology of the radical communists. These findings were contextualized within the attentional paradigm, peace journalism, and theories of positive psychology.
This study investigates how digital transformation reshapes the representation and perception of cultural heritage within contemporary tourism by analysing social media narratives of three key urban heritage attractions in Ankara: Hamamönü, Ankara Castle, and the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates visual semiotic analysis—examining colour schemes, compositional patterns, and symbolic codes—with NLP-based sentiment classification of user-generated content from X, Instagram, and Facebook. Findings show Hamamönü is primarily represented through traditional architecture (41%) and gastronomy-focused experiences (34%), emphasizing its cultural and experiential identity. Ankara Castle highlights archaeological heritage (38%) and the urban landscape (29%), underscoring historical and spatial dimensions. The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations is associated with educational value (45%) and interactive exhibition practices (27%), reflecting its strong role in digitally mediated museum experiences. Sentiment analysis indicates polarization: museum-related posts are overwhelmingly positive (82%), whereas critiques focus on Castle infrastructure (28%) and visitor management issues (19%). Overall, the study provides a data-driven framework demonstrating how social media analytics can guide evidence-based strategies for digital transformation, effective promotion, and sustainable communication of cultural heritage sites.
This research investigates a novel model in the context of sustainability and examines how sustainable leadership affects sustainable project performance in NGO construction projects in federally administered tribal areas (FATA), Pakistan, through the mediating role of employee engagement and the moderating role of organizational culture. Based on social exchange theory, the proposed model was tested using time-lagged data collected from 361 workers in NGO projects, using hierarchical regression and Hayes’ PROCESS macro. The findings reveal that sustainable leadership significantly enhances sustainable project performance and positively influences employee engagement. Employee engagement partially mediates the relationship between sustainable leadership and sustainable project performance, while organizational culture strengthens the relationship between sustainable leadership and employee engagement, as well as the indirect effect of sustainable leadership on project performance. This study contributes to the sustainable leadership and project management literature by introducing a moderated mediation framework within the underexplored NGO context of FATA, Pakistan. The findings provide practical insights for NGOs seeking to improve the long-term sustainability of projects through leadership practices, employee engagement, and a supportive organizational culture. They also significantly advance the literature on project management, leadership, and sustainable development goals and contribute practical guidance for the Government and NGOs working in challenging environments.
