Previous publications have shown that general mechanics cannot predict tests of gravity, radial stretching, and black holes. Some equations of general mechanics have common form with some equations of general relativity. However, when these equations are manipulated into forms that represent measurable physics, the predictions of general mechanics and general relativity do not agree. While equations of common form have been discussed in previous publications, this article provides a deeper analysis that clearly identifies how equations for the two theories can have common form but still represent divergent physics. General mechanics will be shown not to agree with general relativity for the simplest case of a stationary particle in a gravitational field and the most general case of orbital motion about a point gravitational source.
The Doppler effect distinguishes between the propagation velocity of light as a wave and the emitted and propagation velocities of its wave-points. This distinction applies to each theory regardless of whether the velocity of light depends on or is independent of the velocity of the source. The kinematics of light includes this distinction, showing that wave-points inherit the velocity of the star, such that the waves travel in the inertial frame of the star as if the star were at rest in the absolute frame; the waves travel at the speed c , wavelength λ , period T , and frequency f in each direction of a spherical wavefront centered at the source at all times. For classical theory, which assumes the speed of light is a constant c , ignoring the distinction between these velocities, the Doppler effect gives waves that travel in the inertial frame of a star at variable speeds and wavelengths according to their direction, such that the waves have the same period T and frequency f in each direction. Each spherical wavefront has its center at the instantaneous point of emission, not at the actual location of the star, and the waves resemble sound waves. Therefore, the Doppler effect disproves the constancy of the speed of light as understood in the classical theory or special relativity.
A simple model is given for the delivery of energy in the formation process of a heavy lepton that leads to a good approximation of the heavy lepton masses and the origin of lepton generations. An estimate of neutrino masses is also given via the same model.
The electron model developed by the author is unique and is derived directly from the Dirac equation velocity operator, c α , whose four current c ( α, I) in quantum electrodynamics (QED) is coupled with the external electromagnetic field to produce highly accurate results. The issue of whether “zitterbewegung (zbw)” exists, or is an artifact, is widely misunderstood. There are two connected zbw components. First, the velocity operator, c α , contains the electron’s center of charge (CoC) “velocity zitter.” If the electron’s time averaged center of mass (CoM) velocity, v CoM , were used, QED would predict highly inaccurate estimates. Second, integrating the electron velocity operator, c α , produces the unique electron CoC internal position and time coordinate operators that describe the CoC “position zitter.” We call this QED companion theory QED-position (QED-p) and the very successful theory QED-velocity (QED-v) to emphasize their direct connection. The physical description of the free electron requires both QED-p and its companion QED-v theory. QED-v is based on the “strange” Dirac equation velocity operator c α that has eigenvalues ± c . The c α eigenvalues of ± c are certainly not the instantaneous electron CoM velocity but the velocity zitter of the electron CoC “point” vibrating rapidly over time. QED has always incorporated CoC velocity zitter through its velocity operator, c α since its inception in the 1940s.
