Activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) represents a significant advancement in reversible deactivation radical polymerization, offering substantially reduced catalyst loadings while maintaining precise control over molecular architecture. This study presents a comprehensive kinetic investigation of CuBr2/PPh3 catalytic ARGET ATRP of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and butyl acrylate with particular emphasis on its application in the preparation of acrylate emulsions. The results demonstrate that increasing the ligand concentration effectively enhanced both monomer conversion and the apparent propagation rate constant. The polymerization rate reached a maximum at a catalyst to ligand molar ratio of 1 : 2. At a polymerization temperature of 90°C, both monomer conversion and apparent growth rate attained their peak values, yielding an apparent activation energy of 56.5 kJ/mol. Furthermore, increasing the reducing agent concentration resulted in concomitant increases in both monomer conversion and copolymerization rate. This catalytic system was successfully applied to the emulsion polymerization of three monomers and stability of the isolated emulsions was explored. It is demonstrated that pretty low catalyst loading CuBr2/PPh3-catalyzed ARGET ATRP could be a plausible practical method for the preparation of acrylate emulsions.
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have gained popularity as a potential substitute for traditional silicon-based photovoltaics owing to their low cost, ease of development, and excellent efficiency under conditions of low light. The present investigation focuses on fabricating a novel poly(2-ethylaniline)-nanocomposite–SiO2 (PEAN/SiO2) as an advanced material for next-generation DSSCs. PEAN/SiO2 was synthesized by the Emulsion polymerization method, achieving a yield of 90.24
Ring-opening alternating copolymerization (ROAC) represents a promising methodology for polyester synthesis, which faces the critical challenge of developing efficient catalytic systems to expand substrate applicability and enhance organocatalytic polymerization performance. In this investigation, a zinc glutarate (ZnGA)/CaH2 complex was implemented as an innovative Lewis acid-base pair catalyst for the ROAC of propylene oxide (PO) with phthalic anhydride (PA) and succinic anhydride (SA). Systematic examinations were conducted regarding the influences of reaction modalities, Lewis base classifications and proportions, and reactant stoichiometries on catalytic efficiency and selectivity. The successful synthesis of fully alternating poly(PO-alt-PA) and poly(PO-alt-SA) architectures was unequivocally verified through 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses, demonstrating a 47.5
Two new catalyst systems for the synthesis of high molecular weight polyethylene and ethylene copolymers with linear 1-alkenes (1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene and 3-methyl-1-butene) are described. The catalysts are based on Ti(IV) complexes of the LTiX2 type with a tetradentate bis(phenolate)- piperazine ligand L and with X = Cl or Oi-Pr. The complexes are activated with a bicomponent cocatalyst, a combination of Al(C2H5)2Cl and Mg(C4H9)2 at an [Al]/[Mg] molar ratio of 3. The catalysts afford the synthesis of UHMW resins, both polyethylene and ethylene/1-alkene copolymers with a low 1-alkene content, as well as the synthesis of high molecular weight ethylene/1-alkene copolymers with the 1-alkene content of over 10 mol
This study was related with the synthesis and investigation of the electrochemical behaviors of the electrodes coated pyrrole (Py) and thiophene (Th) on the polymeric membrane (PM). Polypyrrole (PPy) was synthesized by low-cost chemical oxidative polymerization method, and the flexible polymeric membrane electrodes (FPME) doped with the obtained polypyrrole were developed. These electrodes were synthesized via electrochemical polymerization, and also their electrochemical behaviors were analyzed by using cyclic voltammetry (CV). CV analysis results revealed that the polymeric units were strongly attached to the electrode surface and effectively facilitated chemical modification on the electrode surface. The innovative approach of this study was to obtain a membrane by adding of PPy synthesized by oxidative polymerization to alginate, a natural material, and to prove the use of this membrane as an electrode in the electrochemical measurements. Several analyses and tests were conducted to characterize the electrodes. According to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images, the (PME)s had smooth surface structures, with PM having the most homogeneous surface. The pore diameters were measured to be around 1.5 µm according to their SEM images. For capacitor performance, according to the calculation from CV measurements confirmed that the membranes could function at pseudocapacitor levels, with energy densities ranging from 3.7 to 5.4 Wh/g and power densities between 266.515 and 413.125 W/g. These findings suggest that the developed (PME)s have significant application potential in electrochemical energy storage systems, such as pseudocapacitors.
