This study aimed to analyze the quality of trauma care in Thailand at the prehospital, emergency department, and inter-facility transfer settings. Total of 37 articles were reviewed, which composed of 9 studies in prehospital settings, 19 studies in emergency department, and 9 studies in inter-facility transfer settings. The findings showed that contexts related to trauma care in prehospital, emergency department, and inter-facility transfer settings were associated with numbers of rescuers, distance to scene on time to dispatch center, and corporation of community. Inputs to improve quality of care were divided into knowledge, rescuers’ skills, communication skills, and decision-making ability of the rescuers at the scene, emergency department, and inter-facility patient transfer. In addition, an adequate quality of the equipment was other input related to factors. Process of care included communication skills between the senders and recipients, possessing knowledge, experience, skills of the rescuers, available clinical practice guideline, decision-making ability of the rescuers, and organization supporting policy. Outcome indicators include mortality rate, rescue time at a scene and at an emergency department, transportation time, competencies of rescuers, satisfaction and information needs of patients and caregivers. The findings of this review can be used in proposal for policies to improve the quality of prehospital, emergency department, and inter-facility transfer care in Thailand.
The purposes of this research were to study the concepts and legal theories of parliamentary privileges and immunities within the ASEAN States as well as to compare the relevant laws and to find for the possible measures to resolve the issues from the use of parliamentary privileges and immunities in ASEAN Community both with common and civil law systems. The results revealed that Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Malaysia grant absolute privileges to its parliament members by exemption from prosecution. Malaysia particularly had established the committee of privileges for the Senate and House of Representatives to make a diagnosis, a conclusion and an explanation of any matters that may affect the powers and privileges of the house of parliament. Privileges that granted to members of the parliament in Thailand was found that the members of parliament privilege on the speech freedom of expression during the sessions of the assembly without violating others’ individual rights were enjoyed by members of the parliament. As for parliamentary immunity, the member of the parliament were not subjected to any criminal procedures and arrested or prosecuted. The study found that the immunity of the members of the parliament in states with the Common law system against any criminal procedures. In comparison, states with the civil law system provided two exceptions to this rule in the circumstances where permission from the parliament was obtained for the member(s) to be arrested by a warrant or for a temporary release. The house of parliament should have the power to dictate and implement the necessary measures to impose disciplinary actions. The committee should be appointed to overlook and ensure supervise matters regarding parliamentary privileges and immunities of all members of the house in Thailand.
Accident at Highway-Railway Grade Crossing (HRGC) is a serious and chronic problem in Thailand. Approximately 146 times each year, on average 120 deaths a year; therefore, this problem needs to be solved urgently. This article aimed to expose failures in preventing accidents at HRGC, and to develop a safety inspection checklist for HRGC in Thailand. The checklist can be used to assess the risk and danger of accidents at HRGC in 10 locations in this area of study. The highest risk locations were locations 3, 5, 7 and 8 which required an urgent safety measure. The second-highest risk locations were locations 1, 4, and 9 required to develop a mitigation strategy. The lowest risk locations were 2, 6 and 10 because traffic barriers are equipped in these areas.
This research aimed at: (1) studying the administration applying good governance, participative management, and the performance effectiveness of Municipality in Tak Province; (2) investigating the relationship between good governance administration and participative management that affect the performance effectiveness of Tak Municipality; and (3) proposing guidelines to develop the performance effectiveness of the organization. The study is a mixed method research. The sample populations were 255 including administrators, civil servants, employees, and members of Tak Municipality. The populations were selected using stratified random sampling and simple random techniques. Survey questionnaire was utilized to collect the information. In addition, an in-depth interview was administrated to 18 mayors of Tak Municipality. The research findings revealed that the relationship between good governance administration, participative management, and the performance effectiveness were correlated in the same direction (r=0.790-0.0841 at 0.01 level of significance. Factors influencing good governance administration consisted of accountability, responsiveness, transparency, equity and inclusiveness, participation on evaluation, rule of law, morality and consensus orientation, participations in the implementation, benefits, and decision-making process.
This study aimed to develop school and parental participatory (SPP) model to prevent refractive error among primary school students. The participants of this action research included 2,445 elementary students in Muang Chiang Rai District, Chiang Rai Province. The research instruments were E-Chart used to measure the visual acuity, visual behavior questionnaires of primary school students, and participatory action of the students, parents, and teachers. The result of this research showed the appropriate model for school and parental participatory (SPP) to prevent refractive error through the guideline booklet for students, parents and school to prevent and solve the problems of refractive error.
