A hypothesis is advanced that forceful support to small rural settlements can fundamentally redefine regional development and alleviate acute problems facing cities. Colombia is divided into 32 territorial units (departments), 1056 municipalities, which are agglomerations of four or five villages. The three projects were carried out under one contract during early 1993 for the department of Valle de Cauca, a prosperous area located in the Pacific southwest. A master plan for urban development was designed for each of the three villages. The population of the village of Villagorgona was 13,399, which was to exceed 18,000 in less than 5 years. Community development priorities were centered on converting an irrigation canal into the axis of a linear park, building a civic center, and creating a road system. The village of El Placer had a population of 8349 and its priorities included the construction of an upgraded aqueduct and a civic center, the improvement of roadways, the rehabilitation of the river and integrating it into the fabric of the settlement, and the creation of an urban code for local authorities to control growth and development. The village of Amaime had a population of 3730 in 1992. The development plan called for integration with the aqueduct being planned in El Placer, creation of a civic center, construction of a sewage treatment plant, rehabilitation of existing river banks, development of a recreational center, and creation of an urban code. These case studies demonstrated that the villages had higher population growth than the capital city of Cali, the inhabitants preferred to remain in the villages because of their satisfaction with the quality of life, the communities were interested in creating neighborhood organizations for improving the environment, the villages served as service centers for outlying farm inhabitants, and manifest interest was identified in changing from the village status to municipal status.
The author examines ambiguities in French policies toward both immigration and migrants living in France. He reviews France's long immigration history and distinguishes two phases: the postwar reconstruction and expansion phase of 1946-1974, and the period after the 1974 economic crisis. Migration policies during those phases are compared with current regulations.
The author provides a brief overview of current international migration trends. Aspects considered include economic motives for migration, refugee migration, migration policies and human rights, and political factors. Comments by Jean-Yves Carlier are included (pp. 192-3).
"This article is divided into three sections. The first section analyses the transformation of Italy and other Southern European countries from nations of emigrants to nations of immigrants. In the second section, the volume and characteristics of immigration to Southern Europe are analysed in an attempt to point out, given the context of national characteristics, the similarities in the phenomenon of non-European migration. In the third section, an attempt is made to analyse the role played in the labour market by migrants from developing countries and to present evidence of the expansion of the underground Italian economy." Comments by R. Magni are included (pp. 113-4).
