The origins of Roman legal science date back to the later Republican era, when the pontifices greatly influenced the interpretation and administration of law. They were instrumental in shaping the law outlined in the Twelve Tables. In the second century BCE, secular jurists started to take over the roles of the pontiffs. The contributions of these jurists energetically fostered the rapid development of Roman private law. Their mastery lay in their ability to create a legal system that could be refashioned in accordance with changing social and political circumstances, through the successful integration of Roman material and Greek scientific methodologies. Their contributions enabled private law to attain greater independence from political authorities. Unlike their predecessors, who adhered to strict formalism and resisted alterations to the law's text, these Roman jurists embraced innovation. Their creativity in establishing a legal system capable of evolving with society's demands highlights a significant contribution of Roman legal science to Western culture. Mucius Scaevola and Servius Sulpicius Rufus are regarded as foundational figures in Roman legal science. They were a prime example of a new class of jurists who were to exert a powerful impact on Roman legal science in the following centuries. Classical jurists treated them with utmost respect, giving them due recognition for their contributions and innovative ideas. Their roles were indispensable in establishing the theoretical and philosophical foundations of the legal science that developed during their time.
This paper investigates the intellectual and political ideas of the Albanian National Movement within the broader framework of intercultural communication, with particular attention to education, language practices, and human rights. The analysis situates this dialogue in relation to contemporary theories of interculturalism and the challenges posed by today’s super-diverse and rapidly shifting global context of demographic and social transformation. In this light, the nineteenth-century Albanian National Movement—while functioning as the intellectual nucleus of Albanian ethno-national identity formation, in parallel with analogous processes across Europe—displays a distinctive feature: its conception of nationhood resisted the logic of cultural exclusivity. Instead, in envisioning a future Albanian polity, the Movement anticipated institutional mechanisms for the recognition and integration of other cultures and languages within its educational and cultural systems. This inclusive orientation positioned the Movement as a counterpoint to the exclusionary ethnic nationalisms that dominated the Balkan political landscape of the era.
As a result of the shortcomings that accompany the enforcement of institutional measures and sanctions on perpetrators of criminal offences, a system of community-based sanctions and measures has emerged. These are intended to relieve the criminal and penal system, maximize the principle of individualization, improve the reintegration of offenders into society, reduce recidivism, and protect society. The organizational units that implement such measures and sanctions are known as probation services.
This paper extends earlier work assessing the performance of serverless computing platforms, or Function as a Service (FaaS), across major public cloud providers, Google Cloud Platform (GCP), Azure, and Amazon Web Services (AWS), using an application-level benchmark. It aims to reproduce previous results, observe possible performance changes over time, and improve the experimental set-up for a fairer comparison of the cloud service providers. The benchmark application simulates a common user account creation process, including both synchronous and asynchronous tasks. By collecting timestamps from different stages of the workflow, the study measures response times, execution durations, and variation across runs.
Emotional intelligence (EI) is conceptualized as the capability to recognise, understand, manage, and express personal and interpersonal emotions. Previous research shows that greater emotional intelligence is related with higher job satisfaction (JS), as individuals with higher levels of emotional intelligence are better prepared to navigate stress and interpersonal dynamics. This study in employing a quantitative research design of structured questionnaires examines the association between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction. The target group is a sample of 54 public sector employees in North Macedonia, a region where research on this intersection remains limited. By addressing this research gap, we contribute to the broader understanding of how emotional intelligence influences public service delivery and employee satisfaction, including interpersonal relationships, decision-making, and stress management. Drawing on established theories and frameworks of EI and JS, we explore four key dimensions of EI: Self-Emotional Appraisal (SEA), Others’ Emotion Assessment (OEA), Regulation of One’s Own Emotions (ROE), and Use of Emotions (UOE). The findings from this study show a significant positive correlation between Regulation of Emotions and job satisfaction. This suggests that individuals who are able to regulate their emotions tend to exhibit greater levels of job satisfaction. Moreover, the results derived from this study can be used by public institutions to create human resource toolkits to enhance emotional intelligence and job satisfaction in employees in the public sector of North Macedonia.
