Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is widely used to reduce biofilm burden during implant-surface decontamination, but its reactivity creates a clinical trade-off between antimicrobial action and host-tissue injury. We compared early tissue responses to brief application followed by irrigation and removal versus application without planned removal of the same H2O2–Poloxamer formulation. In a porcine full-thickness wound model, wounds were largely closed at day 7. Brief application followed by irrigation and removal (Brief-removal) was associated with lower wound closure and higher TNF-α staining than Sham, but neither outcome differed significantly from application without planned removal (Retained-gel). Rete-ridge density was lower with Brief-removal than with both Sham and Retained-gel. Both regimens reduced local IL-10 expression. Exploratory proteomics screening suggested candidate host-response differences, but none of the 6981 protein groups met the false discovery rate threshold in the pig-adjusted analysis. Measurements suggested a decline in peroxide in recovered gel over the first 4 h in an ex vivo assay, whereas the gel matrix persisted for days in a separate vial system. These findings characterize early tissue responses to two application protocols but do not establish the underlying tissue H2O2 exposure profiles. Further studies linking tissue exposure, antimicrobial activity, and healing are needed before an application protocol can be recommended.
Mild photothermal therapy (PTT, <45 °C) minimizes collateral damage to healthy tissues but is frequently compromised by heat shock protein (HSP)-mediated thermal resistance. Herein, we develop a genetically engineered biomimetic nanoplatform, designated as pCas9@GM-Croc (CGMC), to achieve traceable synergistic starvation/gene/photothermal therapy. Glucose oxidase (GOx) is stably expressed on HEK293T cell membranes to fabricate vesicles (GM) that prevent premature enzyme leakage while ensuring robust lysosomal escape. These vesicles deliver clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) plasmids (pCas9) targeting HSP90α and integrate an acid-responsive croconaine dye (Croc) into their lipid bilayers. Mechanistically, GOx-mediated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion acts in tandem with pCas9 genome editing to decrease HSP90α expression, profoundly impairing the thermal tolerance of tumor cells. Concurrently, GOx-catalyzed gluconic acid generation activates the fluorescence (FL) and photoacoustic (PA) signals of Croc, enabling real-time, non-invasive monitoring of therapeutic progression and tumor deoxygenation. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that CGMC exhibits high tumor accumulation and remarkable synergistic antitumor efficacy, achieving nearly complete tumor suppression under 808 nm laser irradiation with favorable biocompatibility. This work provides an imaging-traceable biomimetic strategy to overcome thermal endurance for enhanced tumor treatment.
Magnetic hyperthermia is a minimally invasive cancer treatment technique based on the conversion of electromagnetic energy into heat by magnetic nanoparticles exposed to an alternating magnetic field. By locally raising tumor temperature to the therapeutic range of 40−45°C, this approach enhances tumor cell destruction while limiting damage to surrounding healthy tissues. This review analyzes the fundamental physical mechanisms responsible for magnetic heating, including relaxation processes and hysteresis losses, and examines how nanoparticle size, morphology, magnetic properties, concentration, and field parameters govern heating efficiency. Quantitative methods for evaluating thermal performance using calorimetric and magnetometric techniques are discussed. The review further surveys major classes of magnetic nanoparticles and highlights the role of surface modification in improving stability, biocompatibility, and targeting capability. Recent advances combining magnetic hyperthermia with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy are presented, demonstrating synergistic therapeutic effects. Finally, the magnetocaloric effect is discussed as a promising strategy for self-regulated thermal control in future cancer treatment platforms.
Metastatic prostate cancer remains a major clinical challenge owing to limited tumour selectivity, systemic side effects, and the difficulty of achieving effective localised treatment at metastatic sites. In this context, black phosphorus-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for cancer therapy due to their intrinsic photoresponsive properties and biocompatibility. However, most previous approaches have focused primarily on the direct anticancer activity of black phosphorus (BP) or on regenerative applications, without integrating active tumour targeting and sustained chemotherapeutic delivery into a single platform. Here, we report the development of a novel biocompatible hydrogel co-loaded with black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) and CD44-targeted nanoparticles carrying mitoxantrone, designed for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer in bone lesions. In this multifunctional system, the hydrogel provides an application-friendly and biocompatible matrix, while BPQDs endow the construct with photoresponsive and biomineralisation-related capabilities; concurrently, the nanoparticle component enables sustained drug delivery and active targeting of CD44-overexpressing tumour cells. Physicochemical and spectroscopic characterisation supported the successful preparation and surface modification of BPQDs while preserving the characteristic structural features of black phosphorus. By combining local administration, phototherapeutic potential, active targeting, and chemotherapeutic delivery in a single formulation, this work proposes a more selective and clinically tailored antimetastatic strategy. Overall, the presented platform expands the therapeutic potential of black phosphorus-based systems beyond their intrinsic activity and offers a promising approach for the localised treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.
Surface functional modification on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has attracted considerable interest in the biomedical field because of their special characteristics, such as high specific surface area, tunable structure, excellent biosafety and convenient magnetic separation. Herein, surface functionalization strategies of MNPs and their application in biomedicine have been summarized and discussed. Surface chemical functionalization methods, including the surface coating of ligands, organic polymers, inorganic silica material, and noble metals are discussed, which contribute to better biological activity and functional performance. For biomedical applications, advanced developments have been highlighted, including biomedical imaging, targeted drug delivery, theragnostic, recognition and capture of bacteria, inhibiting the growth of microbes, and detoxification treatment by catalysis. Different treatment methods, including magnetic imaging, magnetic separation, photothermal and photocatalytic processes, and reactive oxygen species production, perspectives on the direction of research on MNPs for biomedical application are presented. Finally, the challenges and prospects of multifunctional MNPs for biomedical applications in the future are discussed.
