Contemplation is considered a fundamental consciousness practice that supports spiritual development in both classical Islamic thought and modern spiritual approaches. This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure individuals’ contemplation-based spiritual development levels. Following a literature review and conceptual framework establishment an initial item pool was created. Expert opinions ensured content validity resulting in an 11-item draft form. Pilot testing with 40 participants demonstrated temporal consistency via test-retest methodology. For the main application, data were collected from two independent adult samples (18-65 years) 357 participants for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and 409 for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). EFA led to the removal of four items due to low factor loadings or high correlations, resulting in a final 7-item scale. The revised EFA indicated excellent sampling adequacy (KMO=0.87) and a significant Bartlett’s test. The scale demonstrated a unidimensional structure, explaining 53.4% of the total variance, with high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=.84). CFA confirmed excellent model fit (χ²/df=2.84, RMSEA=.067, CFI=.98, GFI=.97). The resultant 7-item Contemplation-Based Spiritual Development Scale is a psychometrically sound instrument expected to contribute to research in psychology of religion and serve as a foundation for similar measurement tools.
This study examined women’s general attitudes toward artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare and aimed to identify factors associated with these attitudes, with particular consideration of gynecological and obstetric contexts. The study does not directly assess acceptance of specific AI applications but focuses on general attitudinal tendencies that may inform the development of more trustworthy and acceptable AI-supported healthcare systems. This cross-sectional study included 204 women aged 18–65 years. Data were collected between November 2025 and February 2026 using an online questionnaire distributed via convenience and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected using a personal information form, the General Attitude Toward Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Scale, the Body Privacy in Gynecology Obstetrics Scale, and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, correlation analyses, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were conducted. Women with higher educational levels and prior AI experience demonstrated more positive attitudes toward AI. Privacy perception and spirituality were negatively associated with attitudes toward AI, whereas educational level and prior AI experience were positively associated with AI attitudes. Privacy perception, spirituality, prior AI experience, and education emerged as important factors shaping women’s attitudes toward artificial intelligence in healthcare. Strengthening privacy protections, addressing ethical and value-based concerns, and improving digital health literacy may contribute to the development of more favorable attitudes toward AI-supported healthcare.
Has modernity eliminated the soul?—that this question even needs to be asked is indicative of a profound crisis in modernity. The Western worldview has claimed a monopoly on psychology, banishing any sacred science of the soul as long taught by traditional cultures. Despite calls for the decolonization of Occidental psychology today, this dominance continues to thwart attempts to remedy our current global mental health crisis. The suggestion that there are alternative knowledge and healing modalities is met with derision and resistance. Modern psychology claims supremacy for itself alone, failing to acknowledge that there are many other approaches, as reflected in the world’s diverse spiritual patrimony. These are able to facilitate a fully integrated “science of the soul” informed by a metaphysical framework that is capable of providing an effective and enduring response to human wholeness.
This study examined the relationships between religious commitment, spiritual well-being, and future anxiety among Muslim emerging adults, with attention to their relevance for counseling. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 722 university students in Indonesia aged 18–25 years (M = 19.5, SD = 1.12). Data were analyzed using correlation, regression, and mediation analyses. The results indicated that religious commitment was positively associated with spiritual well-being, while spiritual well-being was negatively associated with future anxiety. Furthermore, spiritual well-being partially mediated the relationship between religious commitment and future anxiety. These findings suggest that spiritual well-being may function as a psychological mechanism linking religiosity to anxiety reduction. The study highlights the potential value of integrating spiritual resources into counseling practices to support emerging adults in managing future-related concerns.
This study aimed to investigate the serial mediating roles of stress and anxiety in the relationship between spiritual orientation and death anxiety among parents of children with developmental disabilities. A total of 361 parents participated in the study. Data were collected using the Spiritual Orientation Scale, the Turkish Death Anxiety Scale, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21. Regression-based serial mediation analysis was conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS macro (Version 4.2). The findings indicated that spiritual orientation was negatively associated with stress, anxiety, and death anxiety, whereas stress and anxiety were positively associated with death anxiety. Furthermore, stress and anxiety significantly mediated the relationship between spiritual orientation and death anxiety, both independently and sequentially. These findings suggest that spiritual orientation may function as a protective psychological resource in this population. The proposed model explained a substantial proportion of variance in death anxiety. These findings have implications for psychological support and family intervention programs developed for parents of children with developmental disabilities.
